Psikolojik harekat ve Mustafa Kemal Atatürk' ün Kurtuluş Savaşı'ında örnek uygulamaları
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2006
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Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü
Abstract
Although used throughout the history of humankind since ancient times, wehave just recently come to grasp the importance of something that has proved itselfin times of war and peace: psychological operation.Diplomacy, commerce and war are the means used for power and competitivestruggle in international relations. However, having gone through two world warsresulting in hard to offset destruction in the lives of millions of people in our century,and facing the reality that diplomacy and trade are not sufficient means for thestruggle of power and competition, and after understanding that war will result in thetotal annihilation of humankind, a third instrument has been devised and put into use,organized either openly or secretly, after being turned into a public service attributeby nearly all states. This instrument is Psychological operation.Prior to defining psychological operation, a definition of psychologicalwarfare has to be made. We can define Psychological warfare as social, military,economic, social, ideological and technological activities that a state or a communityof states undertake to achieve national interests, with the purpose of changing thefeeling, thought, approach and behaviors of target masses (ally, enemy and neutral)in itself or other states. Based on this description, psychological operation can bedefined as one or more operations carried out in the areas of psychological warfare.The importance of Psychological operation is that it is not lethal.One of the most important aspects of psychological operations is Propaganda.It physically does not harm people, and disables them from warfare with the use ofintimidation, threat, demoralization through concession, creation of anxiety anddiscomfort in addition to various other procedures, ways and tools.In parallel to the spread of the use of mass media, propaganda is taking itsplace in the political process as a frequently used method beside diplomatic,economic, and military sanctions. Today in most countries, especially in developedwestern nations, special organizations are established and large parts of budgets areset aside for propaganda. Activities that aim to change public opinion, thereforedirectly affecting foreign policy in favor of national interests, are being affectivelyused by these states. A realistic approach would be: ?Propaganda has started with theera of political struggle.?Turkish and world history are full of examplesdemonstrating the importance of psychology during times of war.Mustafa Kemal Ataturk had to convince the nation - which was tired of warand had lost everything - that it first had to fight, and then had to win the War ofIndependence to avoid captivity. During this struggle, he did not forget thepsychological aspect of warfare and was one of the best implementers ofpsychological operation methods.
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