Cilt:24 Sayı:04 (2018)
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Item Polymorphisms of TLR1, TLR4 and SLC11A1 Genes in Some Cattle Breeds Reared in Turkey(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Arslan, Korhan; Ziraat FakültesiThe objective of this study was to examine the allelic and genotypic profiles of four SNPs of bovine Toll-Like receptor 1 (TLR1), Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and Solute Linkete Carier 11A1 (SLC11A1) genes in Holstein, two Turkish native breeds and their crossbreds in Turkey. For this purpose, a total of 1023 cattle from Holstein (HL, n= 410), Anatolian Black (AB, n= 106), East Anatolian Red (EAR, n= 84), Anatolian Black Crossbreed (ABC, n= 124) and East Anatolian Red crossbreed (EARC, n= 299) breeds were examined for four SNPs. Samples were genotyped using by the PCR-RFLP method. According to the TLR1 (+1380) SNP, EAR was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) while the AB, HL and native crossbreeds were deviated from HWE. All cattle breeds were in HWE for the TLR1 (+1596) SNP. In terms of TLR4 (+10) SNP, the CC genotype had the highest frequency in HL and native crossbreeds whereas the AB and EAR breeds were monomorphic and only CC genotype was found these breeds. According to the SLC11A1 (+1066) SNP, the CC genotype had the highest while the GG genotype frequency the lowest in all breeds. In addition EAR breed was in HWE while the AB, HL and native crossbreeds deviated from HWE.Item Morphological Changes Caused by Bacillus megaterium on Adult Emergence of Fall Webworm’s Pupa, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Aksoy, Hasan Murat; Saruhan, İslam; Kaya, Yılmaz; Öztürk, Murat; Ziraat FakültesiInsecticidal effects of Bacillus megaterium isolates maintained from bacterial oozed pupae were studied on pupae and 2nd instar larvae of Hyphantria cunea. The bacterial isolates were identified according to morphological, physiological, biochemical and sequence analyses. This study reported that Bacillus megaterium isolates, HMA5 and BM1, caused different abnormal wings shapes and hair loss on thorax and abdomen of Hyphantria cunea. In addition, the HMA5 and BM1 treated pupae showed significantly reduced ability of adult emergence rates. The percentages of the adult emergence from pupae were 1% and 2% for HMA5 and BM1, respectively.Item The Effect of Adding Corn Silage at Different Ratios to Orange and Tangerine Wastes on Biogas Production Efficiency(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Dağtekin, Metin; Aybek, Ali; Üçok, Serdar; Beyaz, Abdullah; Ziraat FakültesiIn this study, biogas production efficiencies of mixtures obtained by adding corn silage (CS) to citrus industrial wastes at different ratios were determined. Orange (OJPW) and tangerine processing juice wastes (TJPW) (crusts and shells) were selected as materials in the study. 25%, 50%, 75% of CS was added to these selected wastes. Changes in the obtained mixture chemical properties (dry matter, dry organic matter, crude ash, crude protein, crude oil, Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)), biogas production and methane content in the biogas were investigated. The results of the study showed that the highest crude protein content was found in 100% TJPW (10%), raw fat percentage in 100% TJPW (5.14%), dry matter content in 100% CS (93.56%), ADF in 100% CS (22.74%) and the NDF in a mixture of 25% OJPW + 75% CS (45.08%). The highest methane production was determined for a mixture of 100% TJPW and 50% TJPW + 50% OJPW (0.46 m3 kg-1 ODM). Also the highest biogas production was determined in a mixture of 50% OJPW + 50% TJPW (0.90 m3 kg-1 ODM). The mixing of CS in TJPW and OJPW reduced significantly the production of methane and biogas in the mixture. As a result of the statistical analysis, significant differences (P≤0.05) were found in both methane and biogas production of agricultural wastes.Item Aflatoxin Contamination in Hazelnut Oil Obtained from Hazelnuts Containing High Levels of Aflatoxin(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Şengül, Ümit; Şengül, Bünyamin; Apayadın, Elif; Taşçı, Enis; İlgün, Rıdvan; Ziraat FakültesiIn this study, the issue of whether the aflatoxin in high contaminated hazelnut has been passed to the hazelnut oil during production or not has been investigated. The oil and oil cake of the hazelnut samples that contained aflatoxin at a high level were obtained for the study. The aflatoxin concentrations in hazelnut, hazelnut oil and oil cake were measured, and how much of the aflatoxin in the hazelnut was passed into the oil and oil cake has been determined. Aflatoxin analysis was performed using AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists Method): 991.31 method, which is one of the validated method used in aflatoxin analysis in hazelnuts. The highest aflatoxin concentration in hazelnut oil has been determined as AFB1: 0.93, AFG1: 0.52, AFB2: 0.47 and AFG2: 0.21 μg kg-1. At the end of the study, it was determined that although the hazelnuts of which the hazelnut oil was obtained contained aflatoxin at a very high level, it was passed to the oil at very low levels below the maximum limits defined by the European Union, and almost all of it remained in the oil cake. Aflatoxin in hazelnut is passed to hazelnut oil at very low amount.Item Tyrophagus neiswanderi (Acari: Acaridae) as a Pest of Greenhouse Spinach in Antalya, Turkey(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Kırışık, Musa; Topuz, Emine; Çobanoğlu, Sultan; Ziraat FakültesiTyrophagus neiswanderi (Johnston & Bruce 1965) generally lives in stored products as saprophyte and on dead bodies of arthropods living in the soil, organic fertilizers, mushroom houses, greenhouses, algae and plant scraps. In this study, however, it was observed in roots and shoots of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants originated from greenhouse commercial crop in 2016-2017, in cultivated areas around Antalya, Turkey. This is the first record of T. neiswanderi occurring in spinach plants under greenhouse conditions in Antalya, Turkey.Item Index-based Assessment of Agricultural Drought using Remote Sensing in the Semi-arid Region of Western Turkey(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Yıldırım, Tugba; Aşık, Şerafettin; Ziraat FakültesiThe purpose of the study was to analyze agricultural drought in citrus areas of Seferihisar Kavakdere Plain by calculating NDVI and SAVI values and the surface temperature. The results showed that NDVI and SAVI have negative correlations with surface temperature during irrigation seasons, where significantly increased temperature and decreased rainfall reduced moisture availability for plants. The correlation coefficients between NDVI and surface temperature are -0.893 for 2013 and -0.600 for 2014. The correlation coefficients between SAVI and surface temperature are -0.857 for 2013 and -0.783 for 2014. The combination of NDVI, SAVI and surface temperature provides very useful information for agricultural drought monitoring and an early warning system.Item Improvement Storability of ‘Angeleno’ Plum with the Combination of 1-Methylcyclopropene Treatment and Controlled Atmosphere Storage(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Koyuncu, Mehmet Ali; Erbaş, Derya; Koyuncu, Fatma; Ziraat FakültesiThe combined effects of postharvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage on storage life and quality of ‘Angeleno’ (Prunus salicina Lindl.) plum were investigated after being treated with 1-MCP (625 ng g-1) at room temperature for 12 h. Following the treatment, fruit were stored in normal atmosphere (NA) and CA (1% O2-3% CO2) at 0 ºC and 90±5% relative humidity for 120 d. Fruit firmness, weight loss, respiration rate, ethylene production, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, fruit skin color and sensorial evaluation (external appearance, taste and chilling injury) were performed at harvest date and one month intervals during storage. Only 1-MCP treatment delayed the change in properties related to fruit ripening such as fruit softening, decrease in titratable acidity and increase in soluble solid content. Nevertheless, these effects were significantly higher when 1-MCP-treated plums were stored in CA conditions. The highest color change was found in NA conditions. ‘Angeleno’ plum stored in CA conditions gave the best results in terms of some quality parameters during storage. The combination of 1-MCP and CA storage prolonged storage life of ‘Angeleno’ plum compared to other treatments. These result demonstrated that the postharvest 1-MCP treatment can be used in the cold storage of Angeleno plums.Item Colour Change Kinetics of the Inner and Outer Surface of Brussels Sprouts during Microwave Drying Process(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Nakilcioğlu-Taş, Emine; Ötleş, Semih; Ziraat FakültesiThe effect of microwave output powers on colour change kinetics of the inner and outer surface of brussels sprouts was investigated during microwave drying process. The colour changes of the materials were quantified by means of the CIELab scale parameters like L*, a*, and b*. The total color change (∆E), chroma (C*), hue angle (h*), and browning index (BI) were also calculated by using these values. As expected, microwave drying process changed the colour parameters at different rates depending on the output power used because of browning. The values of a*, ∆E, and BI on both surfaces of the brussels sprouts increased, other values decreased during drying. The mathematical modeling study of color change kinetics indicated that all colour parameters fitted to a zero-order kinetic model and the 460 W output power occured the lowest change rates of all colour parameters. According to the values of activation energy calculated by colour change kinetic parameters, more colour change on the outer surface of brussels sprouts happened by the increase in microwave output power.Item Effect of Row Spacing on Yield, Yield Components and Crude Oil of Autumn and Spring Sowed Mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) in Eight Locations of Turkey(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Kayaçetin, Fatma; Önemli, Fadul; Yılmaz, Güngör; Ziraat FakültesiThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of autumn and spring sowing and row spacings (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 cm) on yield, yield components and crude oil percentage of mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) at eight locations lying in different ecological zones (Ankara, Aydın, Erzurum, Eskişehir, Isparta, Şanlıurfa, Tekirdağ and Tokat) during 2013-14 and 2014-15 growing seasons. The experiment was designed according to the “Split Plots on Randomized Complete Block” with four replications. Autumn and spring sowing were main plots, row spacings were sub-plots in each location. The results showed that, autumn and spring sowing and row spacing significantly affected yield, yield components and crude oil yield across locations. In general, increasing row spacing reduced seed yield and crude oil percentage. The plants from autumn sowing increased crude oil yield compared to the plants from spring sowing. The maximum seed yield and crude oil yield (2525.5 and 695.3 kg ha-1, respectively) was obtained from Tokat during autumn sowing at 50 cm row spacing. It was determined that autumn sowing was more suitable for Aydın, Tekirdağ, Tokat and Şanlıurfa locations. Autumn sowing could also be possible at Ankara, Eskişehir and Isparta locations if plants enter to winter at the right time (8-10 leaves rosette stage). Agronomic performances of mustard at Erzurum was not promising. For autumn and spring sowing, the most suitable row spacing must be 20-30 cm in Ankara, Aydın, Erzurum, Eskişehir, Isparta, Tekirdağ and Şanlıurfa; 50 cm in Tokat in autumn sowing.Item Influence of Pollination on Smut Disease and Yield in Maize(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Aydoğdu, Mehmet; Boyraz, Nuh; Ziraat FakültesiUstilago maydis, causal agent of smut disease in maize, induces significant yield losses by forming colossal galls (tumours) on cobs. Since infection process of U. maydis is parallel with natural pollination of maize, an interaction between maize pollination and the smut fungus is probable. To reveal this interaction perceptibly, a 2-year field study was carried out in Antalya province of Turkey. As host plants, 8-maize-cultivars belonging to different maize variety groups [dent (Ada-523, Pioneer-3394 and Side), flint (Karaçay and Karadeniz Yıldızı), sweet (Merit and Vega) and popcorn (Antcin-98)] were used in the experiment. Inoculations were performed by injecting inoculum into cob silks in pre- and post-pollination periods in plots. In addition, control plots were set up for each treatment. In conclusion, average disease severity, incidence and yield losses of all the maize cultivars in pre-pollination inoculations (PrePI) were 3.8, 20.7 and 45.5%, whereas in post-pollination (PostPI) inoculations, they were 0.9, 15.7 and 35.9%, respectively. It was found that in both years, disease values of the PrePI were higher than those of the PostPI. This study suggested that pollination period of maize is an important factor affecting U. maydis infection in cobs and accordingly yield losses.Item Rootstocks Affected Postharvest Performance of Grafted ‘Crisby’ and ‘Crimson Tide’ Watermelon Cultivars(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Özdemir, Ahmet Erhan; Çandır, Elif; Ziraat FakültesiWatermelon fruit from ‘Crisby’ (CR) and ‘Crimson Tide’ (CT) grafted onto Ferro, RS841, Argentario and Macis rootstocks and non-grafted CR and CT were compared for their postharvest quality at 7 °C for 21 days. Changes in rind thickness, weight loss, fruit flesh firmness, taste, total soluble solids, juice pH, titratable acidity, chilling injury and fungal decay, flesh color values, hallow heart, ripening, citric and malic acid, glucose, fructose, sucrose, total sugar, β-carotene and lycopene were determined during storage at a weekly interval. Watermelon fruit cv. CT grafted on Ferro, RS841 and Argentario rootstocks had thicker rind, lower ripening score, higher flesh firmness and lycopene content, more intense red color during storage, compared to non-grafted fruit. In comparison to non-grafted fruit, CR fruit grafted on Ferro, RS841 and Argentario rootstocks had thicker rind and higher flesh firmness, but higher lycopene content and C* values with lower ripening scores were observed only in the fruit grafted on Ferro and RS841 rootstocks. Macis and Argentario may lead an over-ripening, softening and less intense flesh color with lower lycopene content for CR and/or CT fruit during storage. Watermelons could successfully be kept for 21 days at 7 °C. Watermelons grafted on Ferro and RS841 rootstocks retained better postharvest quality, compared to the non-grafted fruit for both cultivars.Item Effects of Alginate Based Coatings with Pomegranate Peel Extract on the Microbial Quality of Mackerel Fillets(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Öztürk, Fatma; Gündüz, Hatice; Sürengil, Göknur; Ziraat FakültesiIn this study, antibacterial effects of the pomegranate peel extract against food pathogens were investigated. Different concentrations of pomegranate peel extract (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%), which showed the highest antibacterial effect in vitro experiments were added to the alginate film. Mackerel fillets coated with the film solution prepared in this way were stored at 4±1 oC for 13 days. L. monocytogenes, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total aerobic psychrophilic bacteria, total yeast-mould and enterobacteriaceae counts were determined on 0, 3rd, 8th, and 13th day of storage period. At the end of the study; it was determined that the pomegranate extract was effective and the inhibition effect was also increased based on the increase in extract concentration. Different concentrations of pomegranate peel extract showed antibacterial effect against L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and S. aureus (P<0.05). As a result of 13 days storage of mackerel fillets coated with alginate enriched with 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% PPE at 4 oC, the number of L. monocytogenes significantly decreased (P<0.05). During the storage period total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and enterobacteriaceae number were found to be significantly lower in the experimental groups used pomegranate peel extract in comparison with the control group. As a result, it was determined that pomegranate peel extract has a potential to be used as a natural preservative in seafood products.Item Crown Gall Disease Susceptibility of Some Stone Fruit Rootstocks in Turkey(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Horuz, Sümer; Çağlar, Behçet Kemal; Küsek, Mustafa; Aysan, Yeşim; Ziraat FakültesiRhizobium radiobacter formerly known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, is the most important bacterial pathogen causing crown gall disease on over 750 different plant species including ornamentals, vegetables and fruit trees. This pathogen causes crown galls on root and stems of plants and rarely on, above-soil parts of plants. Biological control is successfully used in disease management; however, such strategies are quite ineffective in disease contaminated soils or seedlings. Thus, growers and scientists are mostly focused on disease resistant cultivars or rootstocks. In this study, crown gall disease reactions of three widely used rootstocks Garnem, Myrobolan and GF-677 for stone fruit trees were evaluated. A drop of bacterial suspension of 109 cfu mL-1 were inoculated onto three individual wounds over 90 shoots per rootstock. The weights and sizes of the tumor formed were measured five months after rootstock inoculations. The size of produced galls on rootstocks Garnem, Myrobolan and GF-677 were 0.16-5.28 mm, 0.09-4.42 mm and 0.09-0.36 mm, respectively. However, the weights of the galls varied between 0.02-2.85 g in Garnem, 0.01-1.58 g in Myrobolan and 0.02-0.11 g in GF-677 rootstocks. According to statistical analyses of gall formations, rootstocks were placed in different groups, additionally, none of them were found resistant to crown gall disease. Among the three rootstock tested, the study revealed that Garnem was highly susceptible, Myrobolan was moderately susceptible and GF-677 rootstock was less susceptible to crown gall disease. When an orchard will be intended to be newly planted with stone fruit trees, hence, GF-677 type rootstock would be a good choice to be preferred for planting in new orchards.Item Determination of Genotype x Environment Interactions of Some Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes by Using Different Stability Methods(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-12-05) Sözen, Ömer; Karadavut, Ufuk; Ziraat FakültesiThis study was carried out to determine the productive responses of 10 chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes to different places and years. Hasanbey, Aksu, Seckin, Damla 89, Gulumser, Cagatay, Sezenbey, Inci, Gokce and Uzunlu 99 chickpea genotypes were used as plant material. This research was conducted in Yozgat, Kirikkale and Kirsehir Provinces of Turkey in 2014, 2015 and 2016. The experimental design was a randomized block with 4 replicates. Environmental variance, variation coefficient, ecovalance, stability variance, superiority measure, regression coefficient, deviation from regression and coefficient of determination methods were used for stability calculations. Aksu genotype had the highest stability level, whereas Seckin, Damla 89 and Uzunlu 99 chickpea genotypes also successfully grown with respect to stability parameters. Cagatay chickpea genotype showed the highest yield potential, if grown in ideal environmental conditions. To conclude, the ideal yield would be obtained in the event that the requirements of if the genotypes are fulfilled by desired environmental conditions.