Cilt:27 Sayı:02 (2021)
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Item Effects of Phytase Enzyme Supplementation to Hazelnut Meal Based Diets on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brand, 1869)(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) Karabuluk, Huriye Arıman; Kurtoğlu, İlker Zeki; Köse, Özay; Ziraat FakültesiThis research was carried out to determine that the effects of diets containing 30% hazelnut meal and different proportions of phytase enzymes on the growth performance of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) (initial mean weight, 960.23 ± 0.55 g). The trial diets consisted of feeds supplemented with 0.25 g kg-1 (G2), 0.50 g kg-1 (G3), and 1.00 g kg-1 (G4) phytase enzyme, and with no enzyme added to the control group (G1), respectively. Experiment groups were performed in 3 replicates and trials were carried out for 90 days. As a result, adding phytase enzyme to feeds contain 30% hazelnut meal was found to have a positive effect on the weight gain (WG, g), the protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR, %). Growth performance was found to be more successful in all groups fed feeds supplemented with phytase enzyme compared to the G1 group (P<0.05). The G4 was the best group than the others statistically (P<0.05). In terms of the digestibility effect of enzyme added groups, the highest total digestion rate (77.14 ± 0.07%) was obtained in the G4 enzyme group and the lowest total digestibility (74.32 ± 0.02%) was estimated in the G1.Item Catching Performance and Catching Efficiency of Siliconized Baits in Handline Fishery(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) Aydın, Cellalettin; İlkyaz, Anıl Türker; Ziraat FakültesiThe present study investigated the catching performance and catching efficiency of natural mud shrimp (alive) (Upogebia pusilla), siliconized mud shrimp and siliconized pellet in handline fishing. The trials were performed in Kıyıkışlacık Village of Muğla province. The main body of the handline is Ø 0.50 mm, leader and snood are Ø 0.27-0.30 mm, the snood length and distance are 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively. Each handline has 3 hooks and the hook type is 4 no straight. Catches from natural mud shrimp, siliconized shrimp and siliconized pellet bait retained separately, sorted by species and weighed as. 0.01 g sensitivity and measured as the total length. Totally 590 individuals from 30 different species in total were caught including; 28 bony fish (93.33%), and 2 cephalopods (0.66%). While natural mud shrimp captured the 50.7% of fish, 44.7% and 4.6% were caught with siliconized mud shrimp and siliconized pellet, respectively. CPUE values of natural mud shrimp, siliconized shrimp and silicon pellet were calculated as 1.57 n/h, 1.38 n/h and 0.14 n/h, respectively. In addition, YPUE values were determined as 121.84 g/h, 137.73 g/h and 7.62 g/h for natural mud shrimp, siliconized shrimp and silicon pellet, respectively. Despite the fact that the number of individuals that a live mud shrimp catch in a unit of time is high, it was found out that the weight is more in a unit of time when silicone mud shrimp is used. It was concluded that using of siliconized mud shrimp has a high capacity of catching performance and catching efficiency and can be used as bait when natural mud shrimp cannot be utilized as alive or unable to be supplied, due to the weather conditions and time restrictions.Item Application of Different Drying Techniques on Peach Puree(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) Polat, Ahmet; Taşkın, Onur; İzli, Nazmi; Ziraat FakültesiIn this study, six various applications were performed to dry peach puree using methods of convective drying (CD), microwave drying (MW1, MW2 and MW3) and combined convective-pulsed microwave drying (CD+MW2 and CD+MW3). Effect of drying on time, color, pH, Brix and micrographs were evaluated. The data of total drying time revealed that the maximum value was belonged to “CD” (220 min). The minimum value was obtained by “MW1” (10 min). By comparison of total color change (ΔE), the highest values were achieved with “CD+MW3”, whereas the lowest values were achieved with “MW2”. Under all drying applications, the maximum pH and Brix changes were observed with “CD+MW2”. From the microstructure, the samples to which the microwave method was applied displayed a collapsed structure as to the sample dried by the convective method.Item Determining the Effects of Climate Change and Market Prices on Farm’s Structure by Using an Agent Based Model(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) MANSOORİ, Hooman; GHORBANİ, Mohammad; KOHANSAL, Mohammad Reza; Ziraat FakültesiIn this study, an agent-based model was used to simulate structure change of farms during 20 years period of climate and market price changes in the rural area of Eslamshahr City in Iran. Decision rules that used in the model are based on the information that collected by direct interviews with farmers. So the model includes rules that define the relationship between agents and their environment. Results clearly showed that farmers' behavior patterns and the cover of agricultural land in the region affected by environmental and market factors changes. Comparison of the results of model implementation for various scenarios has shown that the highest yield and income loss has occurred in scenarios where there was a 10% reduction in access to water. Also, there is a less decrease in the crops land size in groups which includes small and medium farmers.Item Agronomic Performance of the Alternative Cereal Species in the Highest Plain of Turkey(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) Öztürk, Ali; Ekinci, Sevnur Akkuş; Kodaz, Selçuk; Aydın, Murat; Ziraat FakültesiDue to their important nutrition and health potential, the interest in einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) and emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schrank) wheat, as well as naked barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum) species is increasing. The study examined the agricultural properties related to three einkorn wheats, three emmer wheats and two naked barleys, one bread wheat and one hulled barley in spring sowing under irrigated and rain-fed conditions. Depending on irrigated and rain-fed agriculture conditions, the vegetative period of genotypes varied between 59.3-71.7 and 58.2-71.0 days, grain filling period varied between 29.8-38.0 and 26.7-33.8 days, plant height varied between 79.6-105.2 and 79.1-99.0 cm, the number of spike per square-meter varied between 533.3-682.5 and 457.5-573.3, the number of grains per spike varied between 16.1-22.6 and 13.6-20.0, the 1000-kernel weight varied between 31.2-54.6 g and 28.0-47.6 g, the grain yield varied between 2410-4099 kg ha-1 and 1716-2660 kg ha-1, and the crude protein content varied between 10.1-13.5% and 10.4-14.8%, respectively. The highest grain yield was obtained from Tokak 157/37 barley cultivar, while the highest crude protein contents were obtained from einkorn genotypes. The number of spike per square-meter, the number of grains per spike, the 1000 kernel weight and the grain yield decreased by 14.6%, 9.4%, 8.7%, and 26.2% respectively, while the crude protein content increased by 8.2% under rain-fed agriculture conditions. It was determined that Özen and Yalın barley varieties could not be an alternative to Tokak 157/37 barley cultivar due to low grain yield and protein content. Einkorn cv. Çatalyazı and emmer wheat cv. Çağlayan in irrigated conditions, and all the einkorn and emmer genotypes in rain-fed conditions were superior to Kırik wheat genotype in terms of grain yield. The genotypes of the einkorn had a significantly higher grain protein content compared to the Kırik and emmer genotypes. It is possible to note that Çatalyazı and Çağlayan genotypes are promising cereals in Erzurum regionItem Heritability and Genetic Parameters of Some Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars under Salinity Stress(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) RASHİDİ, Varahram; DARABAD, Jamal Rahimi; SHAHBAZİ, Hossein; MOGHADDAM VAHED, Mohammad; KHALİLVAND, Ebrahim; Ziraat FakültesiIn order to study the heritability and genetic parameters of antioxidant activity in barely (Hordeum vulgare L.) under salinity stress, a seven-parent half diallel (F1 crosses + parents) was conducted in the non-stress and salt stress (8 and 12 dS m-1) conditions in the greenhouse, during 2016-17, Ardabil, Iran. In this experiment, antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. The results showed that the salinity had increased the expression of all of the three enzymes and the activity of enzymes were differed under different salinity levels. The average degree of dominance was higher than unity for all cases, suggesting the control of traits by over-dominance. Under saline condition heritability in narrow sense (h2n) was found low to medium (0.11-0.41) but their broad-sense heritability (h2b) was estimated relatively high (0.74-0.90). The results suggested the lack of heterosis in control of these traits except for APX activity in 8 dS m-1 salinity. Results showed that in APX activity recessive alleles were favorable, in CAT activity, under non-stress condition, dominant alleles, and under 12 dS m-1 salinity, recessive alleles were desirable; although, such relations were not clearly revealed in SOD activity. Due to the importance of dominance, it was indicated that the evaluation of genotypes must be done at progressive breeding program. Based on general combining ability effects, it was concluded that under salinity, Rihane and Nosrat had favorable alleles for APX activity. In CAT activity, Nosrat had favorable alleles. In case of SOD, Afzal and Valfajr had favourable alleles. In spite of the importance of physiological traits as selection criteria in breeding of salinity tolerance, presence of large dominance effects should not be neglected and selection for these traits should be delayed until after some inbreeding.Item The Effects of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation to Ration on Superovulation Performance and Embryo Quality of Donor Cows(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) Çoban, Serdal; Erdoğan, Zeynep; Ziraat FakültesiThis study was conducted to determine the effects of omega-3 (α-linolenic acid) fatty acid supplementation to donor cow rations on superovulation performance, embryo number and quality, and blood-progesterone levels. The study was carried out with two groups, each consisting of 10 black-and-white breed dairy cows. Control group was fed with the basic ration prepared, and the experimental group was fed with the ration added with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) source at a level of 3.82% of the basic ration dry matter (DM) for 60 days training period. Thus, each of experimental group’s cow consumed 900 g-day feed additives consisting 149.4 g omega-3 daily. The superovulation protocol was started at the 40th day of feeding period. According to the findings of the study, the difference between the groups in terms of the response to superovulation was found to be insignificant (P>0.05). Similarly, there was no significant difference in blood progesterone levels between the groups (P>0.05). However, the difference between the control group and the experimental group in terms of transferable and non-transferable embryo rates was found to be significantly important (P<0.05). The total number of transferred embryos was determined as 37 in the experimental group and 79 in the control group. The total number of non-transferable embryos was recorded as 78 in the trial group and 43 in the control group. At the end of the study, it was concluded that supplementation to donor cow rations with omega-3 fatty acid sources might have a negative effects on transferrable embryo number and quality.Item Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relatıonshıps of Turkish Local Popcorn (Zea mays everta) Populations By Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) Zulkadir, Günay; İdikut, Leyla; Ziraat FakültesiMaize (Zea mays everta) is preferred as a good dietary in Turkey and it is important to know its genetic diversity to improve the yield. Genetic markers are very important in determining genetic diversity in popcorn populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of landraces popcorn populations by simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. A hundred seventy five accessions of popcorn from thirty five populations grown in Turkey were analyzed using twenty SSR markers. As a result of molecular analysis, 65 of 66 alleles obtained were showed polymorphisms and the polymorphism rate was 98.5%. The average number of alleles for each SSR loci was 3.3, and this the number of alleles varied from 1 to 5. The average the polymorphism information content (PIC) value was calculated to be 0.57 for SSR locus ranging from 0.00 to 0.89. The number and percentage of polymorphic loci of the genotypes were determined to vary between 29/47% and 43.94/71.21 % and the mean values were calculated as 39.114 and 59.265 % respectively. The value of genetic change in the phylogenetic tree obtained from landraces popcorn populations was determined as 0.05, and the genetic difference among genotypes varied from 14.7 to 97.1%. Among the markers used in the study, it was observed that code ‘phi064’ was the most effective marker for determining genetic diversity in popcorn and the highest allele frequency also on this marker was obtained.Item The occurrence of Paraneognathus wangae (Fan & Li) (Acari: Caligonellidae) and Raphignathus gracilis Rack (Acari: Raphignathidae) of stored products in Turkey(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) Cobanoğlu, Sultan; Öğreten, Ayhan; Sade, Elif; Ziraat FakültesiThe occurrence of Paraneognathus wangae (Fan & Li) (Acari: Caligonellidae) was reported for the first time in Turkey. This predatory species was found associated with stored wheat and collected from south-eastern part of Anatolia. Measurements of female and male are provided along with their taxonomic characteristics and illustrations. This is also the first report on the occurrence of the genus Paraneognathus (Fan 2000) in Turkey. Raphignathus gracilis Rack (Acari: Raphignathidae) was also collected during this study as predatory species and rendered here.Item Effects of Scalding Parameters and Ripening on the Chemical, Textural and Microstructural Properties of Urfa Cheese(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) Atasoy, Ahmet Ferit; Hayaloğlu, Ali Adnan; Ceylan, Huriye Gözde; Çiçek, Mehmet; Ziraat FakültesiThe objectives of this study were to determine the effect of cheese scalding temperature, scalding time, and ripening time on the chemical, textural and microstructural properties of ovine milk Urfa cheese. Dry salted fresh cheeses were scalded in whey at 70 °C, 80 °C, and 90 °C for 5 and 10 minutes and ripened for 90 days, respectively. Scalding temperature significantly affected fat in dry matter and salt in dry matter (P<0.05), total solids and nitrogen, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness (P<0.001). Scalding time significantly affected total nitrogen and gumminess (P<0.05), total solids, and hardness (P<0.001). Ripening time significantly affected chemical, textural and color properties of ovine milk Urfa cheese (P<0.001), except fat in dry matter (P<0.05). The color properties of Urfa cheese were not significantly affected by the scalding temperature and time (P>0.05). Besides, scalding treatments have improved the microstructure of ovine milk Urfa cheeses. Urfa cheese exhibited a more compact, coarser, and uniform structure with increasing scalding temperature and time. As a result, scalding treatments and ripening on the chemical, textural and microstructural characteristics of Urfa cheeses were substantially effective.Item Determining the Most Stable Potato Genotypes Using AMMI Yield Stability Analysis Method(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) ASGHARİ, Ali; MOHAMMADNİA, Shiva; HASSANPANAH, Davoud; KARİMİZADEH, Rahmatollah; SHOKOUHİAN, Ali Akbar; Ziraat FakültesiGenotype-environment interaction (GEI) is very important for breeders. It is considered a complicated issue in breeding programs to obtain stable and high-yielding genotypes to release new genotypes. This study was conducted to achieve a stable high-yielding genotype that is adaptive to climatic conditions of potato-producing regions in Iran. A total of 20 potato breeding lines along with five commercial varieties (Savalan, Agria, Caesar, Luta and Satina) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in the Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Stations of five location (Ardabil, Razavi Khorasan, Karaj, Isfahan and Hamadan) in Iran, for two years (2016 and 2017). Combined ANOVA of yield data for studied genotypes and environments indicates significant differences among potato genotypes, environments, and GE interaction was significant. Thus, the AMMI method and its parameters were used to analyze yield stability. The results indicated that only four interaction principal components were significant (P<0.01), which accounted for 81.2% of the GEI sum of squares. Based on type 1 parameters (SIPC1, FA1, Za1, Dz1, EV1, and Da1), genotypes G7, G10, G14, G20 and G24 were identified as to be stable. Moreover, according to the results of type 2, 3 and 4 parameters, genotypes G2, G6, G7, G14, G15 and G20, as well as cultivars Agria (G24) and Luta (G23), were found to be stable. Genotypes G6, G7, G14, G15, G20, and G24 were stable according to the ASV parameter, and genotypes G6 and G7 were stable based on the MASV parameter. Amongst the stable genotypes identified by the AMMI parameters, while genotype G6 was high-yielding, G14 and G24 (Agria) were moderate-yielding.Item Pedotransfer Functions for Estimation of Soil Moisture Constants from Penetration Resistance Measurements and Some Soil Properties(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) Alaboz, Pelin; Işıldar, Ahmet Ali; Ziraat FakültesiStudies to prediction of soil moisture constants and other soil properties rather than direct measurements were never dwindle importance. Models were derived from other soil properties obtained easily. Therefore, in this study focused on the predictability of some moisture constants, whose determination was often difficult and time-consuming, from penetration resistance measurements. In the improvement of alternative models for the estimation of moisture constants; in addition to penetration resistance, textural fractions (sand, clay and silt), bulk density, CaCO3 % and organic matter contents were included. The models were created according to soil groups with different textures (sandy, loamy, clay) for moisture constants at 0.1, 0.33, 0.5 and 15 bar. In the models for estimation of 0.1, 0.33, 0.5 and 15 bar moisture content, the highest differences in R2 values (0.61, 0.60, 0.64 and 0.59) between the actual and the predicted data was obtained for loamy soils. For this group, the root means square error (RMSE) ranged between 1.32 and 1.90 %, and in addition, the mean error (ME) was determined to be in a range from 1.53 to 2.05 %. For the estimation of moisture content at different soil moisture tensions using organic matter, bulk density, clay and penetration resistance properties, the coefficient of determination ranged from 71 to 77 %. Therefore, it is concluded that the alternative models, developed using penetration resistance or by the addition of some other soil properties, could be used safely in the loamy texture soils.Item Reference Evapotranspiration Estimation With kNN and ANN Models Using Different Climate Input Combinations in the Semi-arid Environment(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) Yamaç, Sevim Seda; Ziraat FakültesiThe absolute prediction of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is an important issue for global water balance. Present study demonstrated the performance of k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for prediction of daily ETo using four combinations of climatic data. The kNN and ANN models were studied four combinations of daily climate data during 1996-2015 in the Middle Anatolia region. The findings of ETo estimation with kNN and ANN models were classed with the FAO Penman Monteith equation. The outcomes of ETo values demonstrated that the kNN had higher performances than the ANN in all combinations. The statistical indicators of the kNN model showed ETo values with MSE, RMSE, MAE, NSE and R2 ranging from 0.541-0.031 mm day-1, 0.735-0.175 mm day-1, 0.547-0.124 mm day-1, 0.937-0.997 and 0.900-0.994 in the testing subset. Thus, the kNN can be used for the prediction of reference evapotranspiration with full and limited input meteorological data.Item Exogenously Applied GA3 Promotes Plant Growth in Onion by Reducing Oxidative Stress Under Saline Conditions(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) GHANİ, Muhammad Awais; MUSHTAQ, Amina; ZİAF, Khurram; Ziraat FakültesiOnion (Allium cepa L.) is a biennial crop of high commercial value in Pakistan. Onion is considered as salt sensitive plant species. The present investigation was carried out to investigate the effect of salinity on onion and its alleviation through exogenously applied gibberellic acid (GA3; 100 mg L-1). Foliar application of GA3 (100 mg L-1) was applied on onion seedlings grown under three levels (0, 2 or 4 dS m-1) of salinity after 45 days of sowing. Results revealed that growth parameters and total soluble protein (TSP) contents declined with increase in soil salinity level. While, antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD and POD) were increased with salinity. However, exogenously applied GA3 significantly enhanced the plant growth and TSP in onion seedlings. Interestingly, CAT, SOD and POD concentration decreased with GA3 application which depicts stress alleviation in saline stressed onion plants due to GA3. It was concluded that the growth of onion could be enhanced to some extent by the application of GA3 under salinity stress.Item Current Status of Forage Crops Cultivation and Strategies for the Future in Turkey: A Review(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-06-04) Tan, Mustafa; Yolcu, Halil; Ziraat FakültesiForage crops cultivation area in Turkey is 2.312 million ha in 2020. The rate of forage cultivation in the total agricultural area is 6.1%, and its rate in the field land is 12.3%. Lucerne, silage corn, oat, vetch, and sainfoin are main forage crops in Turkey. The amount of produced is 16.8 million tons of hay and 48.8 thousand tons of seeds. The forage crop cultivation areas have increased by 206% since the beginning of the 2000s due to the government subsidies. However, shortage of quality roughage is still a big problem for animal husbandry of the country. For this reason, new strategies should be developed to increase forage cultivation areas by considering global warming, drought, and climate change. In order to meet the need for roughage, it is necessary to expand the cultivation area of forage crops as winter catch crops and second crops. In addition, some of the fallow fields should be utilized by growing drought-resistant forage species. The fields abandoned due to different problems should be used for the cultivation of suitable forage crops.