Cilt:25 Sayı:04 (2019)

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A Video Image Segmentation System for the Fruit-trees in Multi-stage Outdoors Orchard under Natural Conditions
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) ABBASPOUR-GİLANDEH, Yousef; SABZİ, Sajad; IGNACİO ARRİBAS, Juan; Ziraat Fakültesi
Segmentation is an important part of each machine vision system that has a direct relationship with the final system accuracy and performance. Outdoors segmentation is often complex and difficult due to both changes in sunlight intensity and the different nature of background objects. However, in fruit-tree orchards, an automatic segmentation algorithm with high accuracy and speed is very desirable. For this reason, a multi-stage segmentation algorithm is applied for the segmentation of apple fruits with Red Delicious cultivar in orchard under natural light and background conditions. This algorithm comprises a combination of five segmentation stages, based on: 1- L*u*v* color space, 2- local range texture feature, 3- intensity transformation, 4- morphological operations, and 5- RGB color space. To properly train a segmentation algorithm, several videos were recorded under nine different light intensities in Iran-Kermanshah (longitude: 7.03E; latitude: 4.22N) with natural (real) conditions in terms of both light and background. The order of segmentation stage methods in multi-stage algorithm is very important since has a direct relationship with final segmentation accuracy. The best order of segmentation methods resulted to be: 1- color, 2- texture and 3- intensity transformation methods. Results show that the values of sensitivity, accuracy and specificity, in both classes, were higher than 97.5%, over the test set. We believe that those promising numbers imply that the proposed algorithm has a remarkable performance and could potentially be applied in real-world industrial case.
Application of Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances (BLIS)-Producing Probiotic Strain of Lactobacillus plantarum in Control of Staphylococcus aureus in White-Brined Cheese Production
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) Taban, Birce; Çolaklar, Meltem; Aytaç, Sait Aykut; Özer, Hamdi Barboros; Gürsoy, Ayşe; Akçelik, Nefise; Ziraat Fakültesi
The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of an autochthonous probiotic strain of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS)-producing Lactobacillus plantarum, previously isolated from a Tulum cheese and satisfied technological criteria as adjunct culture in cheese production, in reducing Staphylococcus aureus during production and ripening of white-brined cheeses. Cheeses were manufactured in two trials from pasteurized milk artificially contaminated with S. aureus to the mean level of 6.243 log MPN mL-1. Lb. plantarum BG33 was added at 1% as adjunct to the starter culture. The study was also carried out with control group cheeses produced without the adjunct culture. S. aureus counts were monitored for up to 90 days by BAM’s 5-tube MPN method and each positive tube of MPN (most probable number) method was confirmed by PCR amplification of a 400 bp fragment of the nuc gene, which encodes the thermostable nuclease of S. aureus. The capacity of Lb. plantarum BG33 to reduce S. aureus count was found as 0.9 log unit on the 18th day of ripening. After 39 and 59 days of ripening, Lb. plantarum BG33 lowered S. aureus count by 1.9 and 2.0 log units, respectively, when compared to control group cheeses in which it was lowered by 0.5 and 1.0 log units, respectively. As a result, the BLIS activity of Lb. plantarum BG33 throughout ripening of white-brined cheese could make it useful as bioprotective adjunct culture in white-brined cheese production to prevent S. aureus growth which is an important foodborne pathogen in respect of safe cheese production.inhibitory substances (BLIS)-producing Lactobacillus plantarum, previously isolated from a Tulum cheese and satisfied technological criteria as adjunct culture in cheese production, in reducing Staphylococcus aureus during production and ripening of white-brined cheeses. Cheeses were manufactured in two trials from pasteurized milk artificially contaminated with S. aureus to the mean level of 6.243 log MPN mL-1. Lb. plantarum BG33 was added at 1% as adjunct to the starter culture. The study was also carried out with control group cheeses produced without the adjunct culture. S. aureus counts were monitored for up to 90 days by BAM’s 5-tube MPN method and each positive tube of MPN (most probable number) method was confirmed by PCR amplification of a 400 bp fragment of the nuc gene, which encodes the thermostable nuclease of S. aureus. The capacity of Lb. plantarum BG33 to reduce S. aureus count was found as 0.9 log unit on the 18th day of ripening. After 39 and 59 days of ripening, Lb. plantarum BG33 lowered S. aureus count by 1.9 and 2.0 log units, respectively, when compared to control group cheeses in which it was lowered by 0.5 and 1.0 log units, respectively. As a result, the BLIS activity of Lb. plantarum BG33 throughout ripening of white-brined cheese could make it useful as bioprotective adjunct culture in white-brined cheese production to prevent S. aureus growth which is an important foodborne pathogen in respect of safe cheese production.
Characterization of Wild Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Genotypes Selected from Cappadocia Region (Nevşehir-Turkey) by SSR Markers
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) Bakır, Melike; Dumanoğlu, Hatice; Erdoğan, Veli; Ernim, Cemile; Macit, Tahir; Ziraat Fakültesi
Cappadocia region of Anatolia hosts the third largest wild apricot population in Turkey. The objective of the study was to characterize 44 wild apricot genotypes selected from Cappadocia Region (Nevşehir-Turkey) as prominent with their late flowering, resistance to spring late frosts, large fruit sizes and/or late fruit ripening characteristics and 5 reference apricot cultivars (‘Hacıhaliloğlu’, ‘Kabaaşı’, ‘Hasanbey’, ‘Aprikoz’ and ‘Levent’) with SSR (simple sequence repeats) markers. A total of 16 SSR primers were used and 13 of them were successfully amplified. Total number of alleles was 107, average number of alleles was 8.23; average He and Ho values were 0.722 and 0.669, respectively. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values varied between 0.471 and 0.845. There was a quite high genetic diversity among wild apricot genotypes that genetic similarity values varied between 12 and 96%. Homonymous and synonymous genotypes were not encountered.
Determination of the Main Socio-Economic Factors of the Sustainable Production of Forage Crops: Research of Kayseri Province
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) Cevher, Celal; Ziraat Fakültesi
Today, about 21% of the Turkey’s population lives engage plant production and animal husbandry; the most crucial aspect of livestock breeding is producing forage crops. Since 2000, growers in Turkey have been subsidized and encouraged to increase both their production and quality of forage crops. However, despite all this support and assistance, desired production levels have not yet been achieved. Therefore, it is equally crucial analyze the effects of factors other than the subsidies provided on forage crops production. This study aims to determine the socio-economic factors that affect sustainable forage crops production. The study was carried out in the province of Kayseri, specifically in 11 villages where both plant production and animal husbandry systems are common. The subjects of the study were selected through the Random Sampling Method and data was collected by surveying 310 forage crops growers. To identify dependency relationships between qualitative variables used mainly based on a statistical chi-square statistic. According to the analysis results, 35.5% of growers found forage crops production sustainable, whereas 64.5% of them thought that it was unsustainable. When both socio-economic variables and the answers to survey questions were taken into account, variables such as grower’s age, education level, income level, land for fodder crops, livestock count, recent increase in livestock count, subsidies, and the conditions under which sustainability may be maintained were found to be related to forage crops production sustainability.
Drip Fertigation In Apple Orchards: Impact on Soil Chemical Properties and Nutrient Distribution In Relation to Soil Texture
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) Čabilovski, Ranko; Brayek, Aboubaker; Magazin, Nenad; Ziraat Fakültesi
The aim of this research was to determine the influence of drip fertigation on soil chemical properties and vertical distribution of nutrient in the root zone of three apple orchards planted on soils with different textures (loam, clay loam and sandy loam). The fertigation led to a significant decrease in soil pH, concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and organic carbon (C). Changes of these parameters were more pronounced in sandy loam soil than in loam and clay loam. Fine textured soils (loam and clay loam) had higher accumulation of available forms of P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in the surface layer at 0-10 cm depth, compared to sandy loam soil. The results showed that, despite numerous advantages, drip system of fertigation can lead to negative changes of soil properties and that the sandy loam soils are more exposed, but in the same time more suitable for fertigation due to better vertical distribution of nutrients in a soil profile compared to loam and clay loam.
Effects of Biofloc Technology (BFT) on Growth of Speckled Shrimp (Metapenaeus monoceros)
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) Kaya, Doğukan; Genç, Münevver Ayça; Katşa, Mevlüt; Eroldoğan, Orhan Tufan; Aydın, Ferah Gönül; Genç, Ercümet; Ziraat Fakültesi
The effects of biofloc technology (BFT) on growth and hepatopancreas histology of speckled shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (initial weight: 8.32±0.69 g) were investigated for 30 days. The trial was conducted in fiberglass tanks (45 L) with biofloc (zero-water exchange) and without biofloc (water exchange 50% day-1). Different carbon sources (corn starch: CS and glycerine: G) and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) supplementation (with and without BFT) were tested in triplicate groups. At the end of the experiment, better growth performances, feed conversion ratio, and specific growth rates were detected in shrimps reared in BFT (CS, G, CS+MOS, G+MOS) groups. Measured water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity, ammonium-NH4, and nitrate-NO3) did not differ between BFT and control groups. The total number of bacteria count of shrimp reared in the biofloc groups were higher (4.9x10-6±8.5x10-4 CFU mL-1) than that of in the without biofloc (3.7x10-6±5.4x10-4 CFU mL-1) groups. In this study BFT had no negative effects on hepatopancreatic tissue by histological assessment. It is suggested that corn starch as a carbon source in BFT with 3 g kg-1 MOS supplementation could be applied as healthy growth enhancer in speckled shrimp culture.
Effects of Olive Leaf (Oleuropein) Supplementation on Quality of Breast Meat in Broilers
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) Yavaş, İsmail; Malayoğlu, Hatice Basmacıoğlu; Ziraat Fakültesi
In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary olive leaf (oleuropein) supplementation at different levels on breast meat color and pH24 in along with TBA values of breast meats which were stored at +4 °C during the 11-day in broilers. For this purpose 320 one-day-old Ross-308 chicks randomly assigned to four groups (5 replicates per group, 16 chicks per replicates). In trial, dietary treatments consist of corn-soybean meal diet without or with 125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 oleuropein supplementation respectively. At the end of trial, two chicks per replicate were slaughtered and meat samples were collected for lipid oxidation, color and pH24 measurement. According to the obtained findings, 250 mg kg-1 oleuropein supplementation on broiler diets significantly (P<0.05) decreased TBA values (mg MDA kg-1 meat) of breast meats compared with other groups. TBA values of breast meats significantly (P<0.05) increased during storage time. While breast meat brightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values and pH24 were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by oleuropein supplementation at different levels, redness (a*) value significantly (P<0.05) increased compared with control group. As a result of the study, it is possible to say that oleuropein demonstrated antioxidant activity linked with supplementation level and it can be used at level of 250 mg kg-1 as phytobiotic antioxidant in broiler diets.
Effects of Sowing Date, Cultivar and Chitosan on Quality and Quantity of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Oil
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) NOORMOHAMADİA, Ghorban; Ziraat Fakültesi
The effects of cultivars and sowing date along with chitosan application on oil yield, yield components and fatty acids of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), were investigated. Five cultivars (RGS003, Sarigol, Zafar, Dalgan, and Julius) were sown in three sowing dates (October 7, 17, and 27), for two years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). A factorial split-plot experiment was conducted in a complete randomized blocks design with three replications, where the sowing dates and the two levels of chitosan (0 {control} and 0.2% concentrations) were allotted to main plots and the cultivars were allotted to subplots. ANOVA revealed a significant (P<0.01) effects of the three studied factors on studied characters. Sarigol cultivar had the highest amount of seed yield (4447 kg ha-1), seed oil (45.51%) and biological yield (15672 kg ha-1). These characters had the highest values in the first sowing date. Application of chitosan solution increased the amount of seed yield from 3916 to 4233 (kg ha-1), seed oil from 44.83 to 45.24% and biological yield from 13628 to 14797 (kg ha-1). Delayed sowing dates, increased the linolenic and erucic acids and decreased the palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids. The results of the present study indicated that early sowing date and chitosan application had positive effects on the quantity and quality of rapeseed oil. Cluster analysis divided the cultivars into two main clusters. The PCA revealed that the three first PC confirmed about 96% of the total variance among the studied cultivars.
House Dust Mite Species in Ordu, Turkey
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) Akyazı, Rana; Soysal, Mete; Klimov, Pavel B.; Altunç, Yunus Emre; Ziraat Fakültesi
House dust mites inhabit human houses, causing allergies and respiratory disease. Of them pyroglyphid mites produce at least 23 allergen groups, affecting millions of people worldwide. We determined the house dust mite fauna in the city of Ordu situated on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Dust samples were taken from a total of 53 houses in 2013-2015. The mite family Pyroglyphidae had the highest abundance in our samples, followed by family Chortoglyphidae. The most common species were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart) and Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes (Astigmata: Pyroglyphidae). These two mite species are main allergen-producing species throughout the world, occurring in all sampled houses in the city of Ordu.
Identification of Barley Landraces and Wild Barley (Hordeum spontaneum) Genotypes Resistant to Rhynchosporium commune
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) AZAMPARSA, Mohammad Reza; KARAKAYA, Aziz; ERGÜN, Namuk; SAYİM, İsmail; DURAN, Rukiye Murat; ÖZBEK, Kürşad; Ziraat Fakültesi
Barley scald is caused by the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium commune. This disease causes substantial losses in barley production areas of the world. In this study, seedling resistance of 198 barley landraces, 104 wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) genotypes and two susceptible Turkish cultivars (Bülbül 89 and Efes 3) to 6 R. commune isolates was assessed in greenhouse experiments. Virulence differences among the R. commune isolates were observed. One sixrowed barley landrace (Yeşilköy 9052) was resistant to all six isolates. Another six-rowed barley landrace (genotype no 17) showed resistant reaction to 5 isolates. Fourteen barley landraces were resistant and susceptible to 4 and 2 isolates, respectively. Twenty seven genotypes of H. spontaneum numbered as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 16, 20, 30, 31, 36, 37, 48, 50, 51, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 67, 79, 80, 83, 90, 94 and 101 were found resistant to all six isolates of R. commune. Apart from these genotypes, 19 genotypes numbered as 1, 2, 32, 33, 34, 42, 43, 49, 52, 64, 66, 76, 77, 78, 96, 97, 102, 104 and 107 showed resistance to 5 isolates and susceptibility to only 1 isolate. Two susceptible Turkish cultivars Bülbül 89 and Efes 3 were found susceptible to 96% of the scald isolates. Resistant barley landraces and Hordeum spontaneum genotypes can be used as sources of resistance against R. commune.
Modelling Indoor Environmental Conditions in a Commercial Broiler House
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) Küçüktopçu, Erdem; Cemek, Bilal; Ziraat Fakültesi
Turkey’s poultry industry has experienced significant growth in recent years, resulting in the construction of many new production facilities. It is important to maintain optimum environmental conditions for a profitable production. In this study, temperature, relative humidity and air velocity distribution inside a broiler house were analysed. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations (numerical method) and direct measurements (experimental method) were used to determine the appropriate indoor environmental conditions. Simulated values were validated by comparison with the measured values using the normalised mean square error (NMSE). The measured and predicted parameters of temperature, relative humidity and air velocity at birds’ height, human height, and roof height upon comparison gave average NMSE values of 0.139, 0.181 and 0.090, respectively. The results showed a good agreement between simulated and measured values as obtained NMSE values were less than 0.25. In conclusion, CFD simulation can be used as an alternative method for the analysis of poultry house indoor environment. A better understanding of indoor environment conditions in poultry house provides useful information for manufacturers and end users for better management decisions.
Numerical Investigation of Multiphase Transport Model for Hot-Air Drying of Food
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) Turkan, Bulut; Canbolat, Ahmet Serhan; Etemoğlu, Akin Burak; Ziraat Fakültesi
Drying is widely used to prevent microbial spoilage by evaporating the determined amount of liquid in the food sample. In order to reduce energy consumption and increase food flavor quality, modeling the drying process is crucial. In the literature, different approaches are used for investigation of drying characteristic. Among these approaches, the porous media approach have complex phenomena. Molecular diffusion for gases (water vapor and air), capillary diffusion for liquid (water), and convection mechanisms (Darcy flow) were used in drying model in porous media. In this study, firstly, the effect of shrinkage on drying of porous media was investigated. Non-linear partial differential equations for air and food material in the drying problem were solved numerically for non-steady state condition. The shrinkage effect in the drying process was studied by using the ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) method. In this study, air velocities of 0.5, 0.8 and 1 m s-1, air temperatures of 40, 50 and 60 °C and the geometric forms of rectangular, cylindrical and square were selected for hot air drying process. The fastest drying was obtained at square shape food at the air temperature of 60 °C and the air velocity of 0.5 m s-1. The analysis result showed that the air velocity and temperature have effect on the drying.
Production of Multiple Hydrolytic Enzymes by Black Aspergilli Isolated from Date and Grape
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) Gülsünoğlu, Zehra; Akyıldız, Meral Kılıç; Güler, Funda Karbancıoğlu; RAES, Katleen; Ziraat Fakültesi
including cellulase, tannase and pectinase. Isolates were morphologically and molecularly identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus japonicus and Aspergillus aculeatus. Isolates were screened for enzyme production ability on solid and in liquid media. Enzymatic activity was determined in the culture filtrate of liquid medium. A total of six isolates were found to produce multiple hydrolytic enzymes. The highest activity of cellulase was produced by A. japonicus ZGM4 and A. aculeatus ZGM6 as 40 and 35 U g-1 dry biomass, respectively. All the isolates exhibited high level of tannase activity in the range of 150-343 U g-1 dry biomass after 24 h of incubation. A. tubingensis ZGM5 and A. aculeatus ZGM6 were found to produce the highest pectinase activity at a level of 130 and 117 U g-1 dry biomass, respectively. In the light of these results, isolates can be used for multiple hydrolytic enzyme production in industry.
Resistance and Tolerance of Commercial Onion Cultivars to Stem and Bulb Nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) Yavuzaslanoğlu, Elif; Ziraat Fakültesi
Nematode resistance and tolerance reactions of 28 onion cultivars grown commercially in Turkey to stem and bulb nematode were studied at 20 °C, 70% RH and 16:8 h L:D photoperiod in growth chamber with 10 replications and at 27±4 °C and 16:8 h L:D photoperiod in greenhouse with 3 replications, respectively. Ditylenchus dipsaci multiplied in all cultivars tested. The lowest multiplication was determined in cv. Valenciana from Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute with 91 nematodes/pot and a multiplication rate of 0.5. Plant height of cultivars were significantly different in the first tolerance experiment with having an average plant hight of 33.5 and 103.1 mm for inoculated and inoculated plants, respectively (P<0.05). Onion shoot diameter was statistically greater in nematode inoculated plants with 7.4 mm than inoculated plants with 6.0 mm in second tolerance experiment (P<0.05). Plant weight was not found different in both tolerance experiments with nematode inoculation. There was not any statistically difference among cultivars for plant height, plant diameter, plant weight and nematode multiplication in the experiments. Plant diameter for cv. Betapanko in first tolerance experiment and plant height for the Banko type onion in the second tolerance experiment sustained significant negative correlations with nematode numbers. Plant weight for cv. Biotek Boran in second experiment, plant height for cv. Taraz in second experiment and, plant diameter and plant weight for cv. Taraz in first tolerance experiment sustained significant positive correlations with nematode multiplication. It could be recommended that Valenciana could lower nematode multiplication and Biotek Boran and Taraz could maintain a better plant development in nematode infested onion growing areas.
Seed Quality of Oilseed Rape Varieties with Different Size and Colors After Three and Fifteen Months Storage
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-12-05) STANİSAVLJEVİĆ, Rade; Ziraat Fakültesi
During two years, germinability and initial growth of seedling of nine foreign varieties and four domestic varieties were studied. The seed is grouped by size (small, medium and large), color (dark transitional and light color of seed coat). Then it was preserved and at three and fifteen months of age in the laboratory and in the field, germinability, dormant seed and growth of shoot and radicle root were examined. In addition to the age, other factors (variety, size, color, period of storage) influenced significantly (P≥0.05 to P≥0.00) on seed germinability and growth of seedling. Higher germinability is achieved from large seeds up to 3.6%. Depending on the seed coat color, the germinability varied to 11%. The seed coat color has had a high impact on maintaining germinability for fifteen months. Seeds with darker coat have also shown higher potential for storage and use in subsequent seeding periods, as determined by the application of the aging test on seed. Significant interdependence (r) was obtained between the germinability test and the growth of seedling in laboratory conditions and in field conditions. Between the germinability and the growth of the shoot and the root, a significant interdependence was established, depending on the varieties (P≥0.05 to P≥0.00).

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