Cilt:25 Sayı:03 (2019)

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Barley Leaf Stripe Disease in Algeria: Evaluation of Virulent Pyrenophora graminea Isolates and Identification of Resistant Algerian Barley Genotypes
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) BENKORTEBY-LYAZID, Hind; ZEGHAR, İmane; HANIFI-MEKLICHE, Leila; BOUZNAD, Zouaoui; Ziraat Fakültesi
Nine isolates of Pyrenophora graminea, barley leaf stripe disease causal agent, collected from several regions in Algeria were evaluated under greenhouse conditions for their virulence to a collection of barley cultivars including three most cultivated Algerian varieties. Virulence levels were observed among the set of isolates and a mean disease rate ranging from 3.33% to 75.83% was found. Pathogenic variability of P. graminea and resistant gene effects in barley cultivars were revealed. Isolate OS was the most virulent among P. graminea isolates making it a suitable virulent isolate in future breeding programs. A set of 8 barley genotypes composed of common Algerian cultivars and local developed lines were tested for their reaction to P. graminea and yield response. Barley cultivar Minnesota 23 and line 18/17/7L2 were the most resistant of the collection with high grain number/ear and thousand grains weight even when diseased. These genotypes could be useful to integrate as candidate genitor plants into barley breeding programs to develop resistant cultivars to leaf stripe disease.
Detection and Characterization of Tomato spotted wilt virus and Cucumber mosaic virus on Pepper Growing Areas in Antalya
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) Güneş, Nihan; Gümüş, Mustafa; Ziraat Fakültesi
The most efficient method to control the plant virus diseases is breeding resistant cultivars. However, the resistance could be broken down after using resistant cultivars. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence and also serological and molecular characterization of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) that cause infections, especially, in resistant pepper cultivars. For this reason, samples were collected from pepper growing greenhouses and open fields during vegetation period of 2015 in different parts of Antalya province including Kumluca, Demre, Serik and Aksu districts. Out of 148 pepper samples collected, 53 (35.81%) were infected with TSWV and 11 (7.34%) with CMV as a result of Double-Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DASELISA) test. Some regions on S RNA (nucleocapsid protein gene), M RNA (glycoprotein gene) and L RNA (RNAdependent RNA polymerase gene) of TSWV genome; RNA 1 (helicase/methyltransferase gene) and RNA 3 (coat protein gene) of CMV genome of DAS-ELISA positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR with specific primers. Nucleotide similarity rates of nucleocapsid protein gene, glycoprotein gene and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene regions of TSWV isolate varied between 92-98% identity with other isolates in GenBank and CMV isolate varied between 89-96%. TSWV isolate showed nucleotide identity varied between 92-97% with Tsw resistance breaking isolates from Capsicum plants in Turkey, Italy and Spain. Genetic determinant for overcoming pepper Tsw resistance is located in S segment but aminoacid substitutions responsible for TSWV breakdown remain contradictory in several reports.
Determining of Risk Sources and Risk Management Strategies in Dairy Farms: A Case of Çanakkale Province
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) Özsayın, Damla; Ziraat Fakültesi
This study was aimed to determine farmers’ risk sources and risk management strategies in dairy cattle farms in Çanakkale Province. Data were obtained from 302 farms selected by stratified random sampling method from dairy farms in Biga and Çan districts of Çanakkale province in Turkey between May 2017 and September 2017. Descriptive statistics and factor analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of this study show that the most important risk source for farmers was lack of credit availability. This risk was followed by inadequacy of artificial insemination and increase in debt amount. Parasite control was the most important risk management for farmers. This was followed by off-farm work, off-farm investment and on-farm measures. As a solution to the lack of credit availability, it should be provided to ease of repayment in credit use and to inceasing opportunities to loan use with low interest rate of farmers. In terms of parasite control in farms, it is important to the use of regularly parasitic drugs and determining of an effective parasite control program. As a result, it is expected to contribute to farmers and agricultural policy makers of the findings of this research.
Effect of Microwave, Infrared and Freeze Drying Methods on Drying Kinetics, Effective Moisture Diffusivity and Color Properties of Turmeric
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) Taşkın, Onur; Izlı, Nazmi; Ziraat Fakültesi
In the present research, effect of methods that use the microwave (90, 160 and 350 W), infrared (60, 70 and 80 °C), and freeze drying for turmeric samples on the drying kinetics, effective moisture diffusivity and color were analyzed. Also ten distinct thin layer models of drying were used to predict their kinetics. Depending on the evaluation of the statistical tests, models of Midilli et al and Wang & Singh models were found the optimum ones for explaining drying characteristics of turmeric. Among the used methods, the fastest and slowest drying time was 65 min with microwave drying (350 W) and 600 min with freeze drying, respectively. The calculations demonstrate that the maximum effective moisture diffusivity value is obtained in microwave drying (350 W). Our study shows that although the freeze-drying increases the drying time, it showed closest color results against to fresh samples. In conclusion, microwave, infrared and freeze drying methods applied to turmeric should improve with the combined drying applications.
Effect of Pregelatinization and Retrogradation on Some Physicochemical Changes of Wheat-Potato Starches
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) Aktaş, Nesimi; Gerçekaslan, Kamil Emre; Ziraat Fakültesi
The freezable (FW) and unfreezable water (UFW) contents of wheat and potato starches and their physically modified forms [pregelatinized (PGS) and retrograded (RS)] were analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) at various hydration levels (25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75 and 85%). In all the starch samples, the UFW content increased with increasing hydration level. Potato starch samples (native, pregelatinized and retrograded) had higher UFW contents than wheat starch samples at all hydration levels. Similarly, with the increase of hydration level in all starch samples, onset (To), peak (Tp) and endset (Te) temperatures of the peaks also increased. It was obtained that physical modifications in starches had significant effects (P<0.05) on water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) of starch samples. The highest WAI (10.51) and WSI (2.31) values were determined in pregelatinized potato starches. Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) profiles revealed that physically modified starches had higher viscosity values than native starches. The results clearly showed that pregelatinization and retrogradation had positive effects on the physicochemical properties studied.
Effect of the Application of Foliar Selenium on Canola Cultivars as Influenced by Different Irrigation Regimes
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) HEMMATİ, Mandana; DELKHOSH, Babak; SHİRANİ RAD, Amir Hossein; NOOR MOHAMMADİ, Ghorban; Ziraat Fakültesi
Selenium (Se) is an essential micro-nutrient element for animals and human, which also has some beneficial roles in many plant species. This study aimed to evaluate the application of foliar Se on canola cultivars under different irrigation regimes. The study was carried out in two consecutive years, in the form of a factorial split plot experiment, based on an RCB design with three replications. Sodium selenate solution was sprayed on the leaves of 6 winter canola exposed to 3 different irrigation regimes. The results revealed that most of the studied traits were affected by foliar selenium, especially seed yield, seed oil yield, leaf proline content and leaf chlorophyll a content. Under drought stress conditions, foliar selenium caused a significant increase in seed yield, seed oil yield, and the relative water content of leaves. According to partial regression analysis, foliar selenium changed the nature of relationships governing the traits, especially under drought stress conditions. The results showed that, selenium reduced the effects of drought stress through improving the relative water content of the leaves. Therefore, foliar selenium can be a useful strategy to achieve sustainable agriculture, especially under water deficit conditions.
Estimates of Genetic Parameters for Body Weight in Turkish Holstein Bulls using Random Regression Model
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) Galiç, Aşkın; Takma, Çiğdem; Ziraat Fakültesi
The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for the body weights of Turkish Holstein bulls using the random regression model. The data set consists of 1475 body weight records from 395 Holstein bulls raised in the same herd. Body weight records of bulls aged between 32 and 725 days old were collected at approximately two-month intervals from December 2013 to October 2014. In the study body weight measurements made on the same day were accepted as a group and the bulls were grouped into 10 different groups according to their age. The additive genetic and permanent environmental effects were estimated using DFREML algorithm by third order Legendre polynomials. The additive genetic variance estimates ranged from 10.73 to 4867.07, the phenotypic variance estimates ranged from 382.84 to 5514.86 and permanent environmental variance estimates ranged from 0.33 to 63.27. The heritability values were estimated between 0.03 to 0.90. The phenotypic and additive genetic correlations between body weights were positively estimated between 0.085 to 0.89 and 0.53 to 0.94, respectively. It was concluded that use of body weight at an earlier age will give advantage in breeding studies for body weight at slaughter.
Genomic Variability and Recombination Analysis of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 Isolates from Turkey
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) Elçi, Eminur; Ziraat Fakültesi
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1), one of the causal agents of Grapevine leafroll disease (GLRD), is one of the most important viral diseases of grapevine worldwide. In this study, the prevalence of GLRaV-1, genetic variation and recombination events among GLRaV-1 isolates in Turkey were investigated. Initially, 197 grapevine samples from different provinces of the country were serologically tested. Of the total samples, 109 (55.32%) were identified as GLRaV-1 infected. Subsequently, 9 samples representing different geographic distribution were selected for further sequence analysis of the heat-shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h), open reading frame 9 (p24), coat protein (CP) and coat protein duplicate 2 (CPd2). Among the four gene regions, CPd2 was found the most divergent region while HSP70h gene exhibited the lowest genetic diversity. The phylogenetic analysis of four genomic regions including GenBank records clustered all variants in two major groups and grouped Turkish isolates mostly together. However, the isolate clusters were not correlated to their geographic origin. Furthermore, several putative recombination events were detected with trace to moderate evidence support of algorithms implemented in Recombination Detection Program (RDP). Taken together, the results provide a better understanding on genetic variation of Turkish GLRaV-1 isolates in the country and worldwide and can help to improve sanitation of propagated material programs for the grape growers.
Grain Yield and Some Physiological Traits Associated with Heat Tolerance in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) KORKUT, Zahit Kayıhan; BALKAN, Alpay; BAŞER, İsmet; BİLGİN, Oğuz; Ziraat Fakültesi
This research was carried out in the experimental fields of Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Namık Kemal in 2014-2015. In the study, totally 30 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (15 cultivars; early, medium-early and late-maturing; 10 lines are tolerant to the heat-temperature stress which were provided by CIMMYT-International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), 5 lines (were taken from the same university’s wheat breeding program which was collaborated by the CIMMYT) were used as an experimental material. The experiment was adjusted in a split-plot design with 3 replicates. Sowing dates (Normal (NS ≈ November 09, 2014) and Late sowing (LS ≈ January 09, 2015)) were constituted the main plots, and the genotypes constituted the sub-plots. These physiological traits ((membrane thermostability (MT), canopy temperature (CT), leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) and stomatal conductance (SC)) were measured at the LS stage due to giving much more correct, logical and meaningful results, but grain yield (GY) was fixed for all the sowing dates. Obtained findings are: The GY was varied between (4.35-6.34 t ha-1) for genotypes; the MT was changed between (10.58-66.25%); the CT was realized between (17.67-22.00 oC); the LCC was varied between (38.30-53.30 SPAD) and the SC was changed between (25.20-166.80 mmol m-2 s-1). It was observed that most of the CIMMYT originated genotypes are tolerant to high-temperature stress and most of the wheats that are grown in Thrace Region are negatively affected by the high-temperature stress.
Growing Degree Day and Seed Yield Relationships in Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Under Different Sowing Seasons and Locations of Turkey
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) Kayaçetin, Fatma; Önemli, Fadul; Yılmaz, Güngör; Ziraat Fakültesi
Mustard is grown in mild winter regions as late fall and in hard winter regions as late spring crop. Mustard has high degree of adaptability under wide range of climatic conditions in Turkey. Temperature is an important weather parameter affecting the growth and development of the mustard. The sum growing degree day (GDD) for a growing season is related to plant development which is depends on the accumulation of heat. The aim of this study was to determine the adaptation of mustard, under sowing seasons (spring and fall sowing) and locations in terms of crop growth (emergence, 50% flowering, physiological maturity, and sum growing degree days) and seed yield of mustard. Two-year field experiments in a split-plot design with four replications were carried out during 2013-14 and 2014-15 growing seasons at eight different ecological locations. These locations included Ankara, Aydın, Erzurum, Eskişehir, Isparta, Tekirdağ, Tokat and Şanlıurfa provinces of Turkey-as classified by Köppen-Geiger ecological conditions. The Brassica juncea L. (mustard seeds) were collected from wild conditions in the Konya province of Turkey. The results showed that, sowing seasons and locations significantly affected seed yield and GDD. The maximum seed yield of 3754.9 kg ha-1 was obtained from Tokat (warm humid) during fall sowing with total accumulated GDD of 1512.1 °C for mustard. Sum growing degree-days accumulated in different sowing seasons and locations occurred between 1132.0 °C and 2285.1 °C depending on the related ecological conditions. Fall season crop in Aydın location had the maximum growing degree days. Overall, fall season accumulated more growing degree days due to longer period of sunshine in comparison to spring season with less sunshine days resulting in longer vegetation period.
Influence of Different Cutting Dates on Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) Parameters and the Fatty Acid Compositons of Caramba Hay (Lolium multiflorum cv. caramba)
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) Acar, Muazzez Cömert; Özelçam, Hülya; Şayan, Yılmaz; Budak, Bülent; Ziraat Fakültesi
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different cutting dates on Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) parameters and the fatty acid (FAs) compositons of caramba hay (Lolium multiflorum cv caramba). The samples were taken from the five randomized plots at the three different cuts (first cut:before blossom, second cut:blossom 50%, and third cut:after blossom). The samples were analyzed including the crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), CP fractions (A= NPN, B1= fast, B2= intermediate, B3= slow and C= not fermented and available for the animal), degradable intake protein (DIP), undegradable intake protein (UIP) and the FAs compositions (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3). The CP, EE and A1 fraction were negatively affected by the different cutting dates (P<0.05), while the B2, B3 and C fractions were increased by growing stage (P<0.05). Different cutting dates affected total major FAs, and decreased the concentration of C18:3 (P<0.05) and increased those C16:0 (P<0.05) and C18:2 (P>0.05). A positive strong linear relation was found between the C18:3 and CP contents in caramba hay (R2= 0.769, P<0.001). The study showed that CP, soluble protein (A+B1 fraction) and C18:3 were significantly decreased, the other crude protein fractions (B2, B3 and C) and other major FAs (C16:0 and C18:2) were increased by growing stage.
Influence of Harvesting on Quality of Alfalfa Forage used for Haylage and Hay
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) STANİSAVLJEVİĆ, Rade; VUKOVİĆ, Aleksandar; BARAĆ, Saša; RADOJEVİĆ, Rade; ĐOKİĆ, Dragoslav; V. DRAGAN, Petrović; Ziraat Fakültesi
The paper presents the three years efficiency results (2011-2013) of the work and ways of harvesting (three types of mowers, with or without spreading the forage) influencing the quality of the forage (the content of crude protein and crude fiber) during the three days drying process. These results indicate that the harvesting method can strongly affect the work efficiency, energy consumption, the forage drying intensity and the quality of forage used for hay and haylage preparation. The best quality of the forage was achieved when a drum rotating mower PÖTTINGER CAT 185 was used. Negative correlation was found between content of crude protein and the crude fibre content, depending on the type of mower, varying in the range between r= -0.978 and r= -0.882 (PÖTTINGER CAT 185 r= -0.882 P≤0.05 to JF STOLL SB 200 r= -0.978 P≤0.001).
Investigation of Genotoxic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Leaf and Flower Extracts of Cynara syriaca Boiss
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) Karaşin, Nurhüda; Tolan, Veysel; Haşimi, Nesrin; Demirci, Özlem; Ziraat Fakültesi
The mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of leaves and flower extract of Cynara syriaca Boiss were studied with Ames assay in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. While leaves extract did not show any mutagenic effects against all the tester strains with or without metabolic activation, the flower extract showed mutagenic effect against TA98 strain without metabolic activation. On the other hand, it has been observed that the extracts have antimutagenic activity against mutations induced by sodium azide and daunomycin. The antimicrobial activity of extracts was determined by disc diffusion and MIC value. Both of the extracts possess weak antimicrobial activity. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and ABTS radical cation decolorization methods were carried out to determine the antioxidant activity. Among the tested antioxidant methods, the highest antioxidant capacity was determined in ABTS radical cation decolorization assay in which both of the extracts exhibited the best effect. Flower extract exhibited higher activity also in DPPH free radical scavenging.
Measurement and Prediction of Total Friction Losses in Drip Irrigation Laterals with Cylindrical Integrated in-line Drip Emitters using CFD Analysis Method
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-10-05) Demir, Vedat; Yürdem, Hüseyin; Yazgı, Arzu; Günhan, Tuncay; Ziraat Fakültesi
The objective of this study was to predict total friction losses in drip irrigation laterals with cylindrical integrated inline emitters at different spacing using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation method. Two types of drip irrigation laterals with different technical specifications were used in the study. In the laboratory, the total friction losses were measured in the laterals for different velocities. In CFD analysis, standard k-ε, RNG k-ε, realizable k-ε, Reynolds Stress (RSM) with Linear Pressure-Strain (LPS) turbulence models and standard wall function, non-equilibrium wall function, enhanced wall treatment were considered. CFD simulation results were compared with experimental total friction losses in laterals. The highest prediction was obtained by RSM turbulence model with LPS using standard wall function with the lowest values of MAPE (2.96%) and RMSE (369 Pa).
The Effects of Different Growing Media on Growth, Flowering and Quality of Petunia grandiflora
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019-09-05) KHANDAKER, Mohammad Moneruzzaman; RAHMAT, Suraya; ALIAS, Nadiawati; MOHD, Khamsah Suryati; MAT, Nashriyah; Ziraat Fakültesi
A study was carried out to investigate the effects of growing media on physiology, flowering behaviour and longevity of potted petunia plants (Petunia grandiflora Juss.) under green house condition. A total of 30 potted petunia plants were used in this experiment and five different growing media namely top soil (control), vermicompost, biochar, cocopeat and peatmoss were tested. Leaf area, lateral branching, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate significantly increased when the plant was grown in peatmoss and cocopeat. The highest length of lateral branch was recorded in the control treatment. In addition, peatmoss and cocopeat medium increased the number of flower, flower diameter, weight of individual flower and petal thickness significantly. Furthermore, chlorophyll a & b contents in leaves, carotenoids and anthocyanin content in flowers were also increased significantly with peatmoss and cocopeat applications. Ethylene production was reduced significantly and flower longevity of potted petunia plants increased in different growing media. There was a positive correlation between petal thickness and flower senescence, and between anthocyanin content with flower senescence in potted petunia plants. It can be concluded that peatmoss and cocopeat growing media improved the growth, quality and longevity of potted petunia flowers under green house condition.

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