İletişim disiplini açısından Türk modernleşmesinin bir bileşeni olarak sanat: Ankara Devlet Opera ve Balesi (ADOB) örneğinde bir araştırma
Özet
The history of mankind has experienced many wars and destructions.However, none of them has affected more dramatically than experienced in WesternEurope for the last 450-500 years in and the future of rest of the part of the world.Because the things happened in the West Europe have been enforce in the early ofthe 20.th century under the name of `modernization theories? to the countries ofwhich have not practiced modernization experience. For a hypothetic judgement, ifthese countries apply the formuliation of modernized countries, would have beenmodernized too. In realality this model have been accepted and applied.Nevertheless, it has been observed that the countries where these formulationsapplied have never been in any changes, as a matter of fact in some points it?s gettingworse after these theories have been proposed in 20-30 years. In this point, a criticalapproach of these theories have been born.In this study, we elaborated the art factor effecting of moderzition of Turkeysearching the factors?, health, education and art, which are acts in the accept of acountry as `modern? country. Although all criticism, the more these three factors arevigorous, the powerfull how the country is.When establishing the Turkish Republic, there are two ideological approachesfor which have been suggested to the country to be modernized. Totalitarianmodernization says eveything making a country modernized would have beenapplied and this idea predominated. Partial modernization suggested that only`techniuqe? would have been taken which is very important in the modernization ofEurope, the rest of things haven?t been neccesarry.In this study, setting of the modernization theories, we have improved takinginto consideration to critice of them in a maxiumum level. Because it was neccarryto exaimine how the art was born in the world, how become a part of the culture,what the relationship is between civilization, cultere and art in the developing of ourstudy.After all of these have been researched, we have found that the OttomanEmpire getting adoptations for some values of West in order to try to stop the trend.One of them was art. Especially in the 18.th century some sultans? gave muchimportence to the Western originated branches of art. They have exerted forestablishing of them in the Ottoman. For example, Donizetti came to İstanbul and heestablished a `Palace Orchestra? and a group of balet as called `K?zlar Fanfar?? (abalet group only includes girls). But, all of these efforts have two different ways ofmaden in the Turkish Republic. The first of it, every step in Ottoman for art haslimited only in environment of palace and has not been instutilized seriously. Thesecond, it has personel characteristic. For instance, a major got the theaters closed incase his son wanted to be an actor.Here, the most important thing which has been done for art was to obtain tobe institutionaled and not to alter the personel applications. Also, the TurkishRepublic wanted to change the sense of the people about western originated art. It isneccessarry to accept that the people whom were managed by Islamic rules wouldnot be accepted these art which were foreign fort them.Republic of Turkey established the today?s art institutions and has improvedthe some institutions which was founded at the last periods of Ottomans but notactiveted exactly since the World War I and Independed War for instance ?DarulElhan? it means conservatory of Republic. All Works and effort to establish andgetting perception by the people of the arts such as Ballet and Opera etc. Which arenamed as West Style Arts was started to get to back step by step such as abolishingthe allotments ot the arts by starting of the anti modernization from 1950s.Anti modernization is a movement which was supported by religiousfanaticism and stands against to it. It effects to the changing of the people?sperception. For instance, Praetorius who was the one of the first conductors of thePresidency Symphony Orchestra (PSO) said that in one concert, the house of theconcert capacity was inadequate even foyer also got filled by people and others hadwaited out of the concert house.Recently the people from all section was shoving their interest to these artstodays this interest is being showed by the people may be named as ?middle-top?level. There are different reasons for that. First, anti modernization has changed theperceptions of the people in time. Second, Imperfections of the public relation?s ofAnkara State Opera and Ballet (ASOB) which is subject of this work.In order to researhers the change of perception and determining the today?ssituation, interviws have been made both with standers and artists in this thesis. Bothbystanders and artists are thinking that people come to Bale and Opera are generallymake from ?middle-top? level if we make as submarry. They also appreciate thelevel by education but not incomes. We have the same oppinion. The people weinterviewed with (73) more or less compliedly have University diploma.Knowledge of the people have been gradually dropped by the movementsdone by antimodernization on the education system since 1950?s. We may list theadministrative difficulties that the institution faced by the effects ofantimodernization. Before degraded ASOB was a General Diroctorate status thisstatus had been dropped to managerial level and their budget has been largelydecreasede.Institution is being sentenced to work in the building and stage which wasbuilded in 1930?s while there are many big shopping malls, trade and commercebuildings in Ankara. Adequate play can not be found sponsorships. Since inadequateallocation careographs can not be invited and can not go on tour on abroad. In lastperiods, Bale and Operas are being played increasingly Tutkish Art Music instead ofclasic music. Main thema is `Otomanism?. In additon to these, there are manyinternal problems of the institution absence of public relation is on top. There are notany archive for to know and intruduce itself of the institution.If we elaborate all these explanations in order to get a result, apart from manydevastating influence of modernization theory, we may say there are manycontribution to art in order to modernizate the society. Art make the people to think,to educate and encourage without examine. Being started to the Turkishmodernization it was begun with this goodwill but after 1950?s it turned to get backby anti modernization movement.We find this result starting by High Art of School of Frankfurt, Ideology ofAlthusser, and Gramsci?s hegemonia concept when investigate the situation of theinstitution. At begining Bale and Opera arts have made a huge contribution toTurkish modernization from 1950?s. It retreated under the influence ofantimodernization and it shows a appearance that addressing to only ?middle-top?level. ASOB also has took it?s share from this process.