Hz. Ömer Dönemi ordu ve ordugahlar
Özet
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in the year 632, Abu Bakr was elected as the first Caliph. During the ourneys of Iraq and Syria regions which started after Conversion (Ridde) wars, Abu Bakr died in the year 634. Caliph Umar, the successor of Abu Bakr, accelerated the conquests in this regions. During that period the conquests were directed by three main borders which were Iraq-Iran, Syria- Palestina and Egypt Iraq-Iran lands, which had been under the control of Sasanian Empire, and Syria- Palestina and Egypt lands which had been under the control of Byzantine Empire, were conquered in that period during which Sasanian and Byzantine Empires were the most powerful states of the world. Following the increases in the conquest incomes, the council of state (Divan) was organised and soldiers, with their families, were started to be paid salaries. Additionally, soldiers were forbidden to occupy with commercial, agricultural and similar personal works. In that way, a separate military class was formed. For the better organisation of conquests at expanding borders and preparation of the army for wars, many new barracks and garrison towns (military camp "Ordugâh") were established at strategic places. Three of these towns were Basrah, Küf ah and Fustât They were first established for military aims at the time of Umar, but during the time, due to the increase in the population of civilians, they became crowded cities and started to be important for their architectural development By the formation of the council of state, the military service, which had been based on voluntary system, changed into obligatory system and recruitments to army were made systematically. With the establishment of regular army, direction and administration of military forces were given to capable commanders. The army was divided into various classes such as vanguard, juniper, right-left sides, supplies, fortification, news information and personnel. Soldiers and commanders were paid satisfactory salaries so that they would not need to have any other jobs and they were trained both at piece and war. War tactics and principles were implemented completely and improvements in war tactics came out The army was supported logistically and many defensive and attactive weapons including bows, arrows, swords, shields, armors, spears, catapults, ramhead, thorny wires and border guardhouses were used. Horses and camels were made use of as transportation means. Islamic State had progress at every fields and sovereignity on wide lands due to the increases in treasury incomes resulting from the systematisation of military power.