Erken dönem sûfîlerinde insanın hakikati ve ahlâk: Hâris el-Muhâsibî Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî Hallâc-ı Mansûr
Özet
This study aims to analyze the approaches of the three Sufis, namely Harith al-Muhasibi, Junayd of Baghdadi, and Mansur al-Hallaj, on the truth and morality of man in the early period of sufi literature. The first chapter includes the human definitions of the Sufis, the second chapter covers the final goal of the human, the third chapter examines the method to achieve moral and spiritual maturity, the fourth chapter discusses the relationship between knowledge and action while the last chapter touches upon the problem of evil. Therefore, the thesis tries to explore the approaches and solutions suggested by the afore-mentioned sufis to address the questions such as "What is the human?", "Does the human have a given/determined natal nature?", "Does the human have a final goal and, if so, what kind of goal is it?", "Is it possible to talk about the epistemic and moral change of the human as we talk about the physical change of human?", "Does the human live according to the destiny or according to his/her free will?", "What are the attributions of the perfect human, who has reached his/her final goal?", and "What is the root cause of evil in humans?". For this reason, the study is not limited by solely showing the thoughts of these three sufis, thus, their relatively disorganized discussions are rebuilt in a structuralist framework through analyzing following synthesizing the approaches of each within the dissertation problematic. The dissertation thesis has concluded that although the major approaches, which establish the perspective of sufism on human understanding, of the three sufis, who lived in the early periods of sufism, are included in their own systems, they have an authentic definition of human in the tradition of religious thought.