Interkulturelle aspekte in ausgewählten werken von Zafer Senocak
Özet
The European history of migration began with the Bilateral Recruitment Agreement signed in 1919. The First World War triggered an economic crisis felt especially in Germany. A labor shortage, which was tried to be balanced by Bilateral Recruitment Agreement, has been started once more in Germany. The demand for labor increased even more after the Second World War. The most important reason for recruitment throughout Europe was the rapid economic growth. Germany resumed recruiting migrant workers for the first time from Italy in 1955. Furthermore, agreements have been signed in the following year with Greece, Spain, and other countries. In 1961, the Federal Republic of Germany has signed the Bilateral Recruitment Agreement with Turkey. The first Turkish guest workers were admitted to Germany in 1961. Guest workers mostly lived outside the city in dormitories provided by their employers. As a result of the developments in the fields of digitalization and automation, in 1970 a stoppage for Recruitment Agreement has been implemented in Europe. The recruitment of guest workers triggered a heated debate in German society. "Competition in the labor market" and "housing shortages" began to be discussed. Approximately 3 million guest workers have permanently settled in Germany, although initially employed guest workers were assumed to return to their home country. After the guest workers settled in Germany, there was a need for serious studies to develop integration policies. However, the issue of developing integration policies has been neglected in Germany for many years. In 2005, Germany confirmed itself as an immigration country for the first time. In the same year, immigration law has been signed. The content of it referred to support immigrants in the education system, the labor market, and in language learning programs. In 2006, an Islam conference was held for the first time to establish a dialogue between Germany and Muslims living in Germany. In addition, an integration law was passed in 2016, focusing largely on asylum seekers and refugees. The settlement of guest workers, immigrants, and their descendants in Germany triggered a wave of discrimination. Discrimination against guest workers and immigrants has started to appear in public or social spaces. According to various studies, children and adolescents with immigrant backgrounds were living discrimination in the education system. It has been observed that immigrant-originated adolescents were sent to the "Hauptschule" and "Sonderschule", which is the lowest school of the three-school system in Germany. Adolescents with no immigrant background are more likely to be sent to the "Gymnasium" schools, which is the top school of the three-school system. On the other hand, it was observed that adolescents with immigrant backgrounds were less common in the "Realschule" and "Gymnasium" schools. Similar distributions can be seen in the labor market. Especially, it is noteworthy that people of Turkish and Arab origin have more difficulty in finding a trainee, germ.: "Ausbildung". Also, Muslim citizens have more difficulties in the labor market. According to Şenocak, deficits in politics, especially in the policy of integration lead to injustices that can extend to discrimination. In addition, Şenocak is of the opinion that German history should be reevaluated in terms of Turkish-German relations. According to him, discrimination against immigrants and people with an immigrant background creates an identity crisis and questions in terms of homeland in the immigrant society.