Cilt:24 Sayı:01 (2018)

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https://dspace.ankara.edu.tr/handle/20.500.12575/74898

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Agricultural Performances of Some Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Lines Developed by Single Plant Selection Method
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Köse, Arzu; Koşar, Ferda; Bilir, Özlem; Ziraat Fakültesi
This study was carried out to determine seed and oil yield with their components of some safflower lines and varieties under Eskisehir ecological conditions. This research was conducted at the experimental fields of Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute (TZARI), during 2010, 2011 and 2012. Both twenty-one safflower lines and four varieties (Yenice, Dincer, Remzibey and Balci) originating from TZARI-Eskisehir were evaluated in this research. The lines used in this study are developed by using single plant selection method. Three years data were collected and analyzed according to randomized block design with three replications. Means of seed yield, number of head per plant, head diameter, 1000 seed weight, oil content, oil yield were found 1330.3-1990.9 and 1210.1 kg ha-1, 11.2-12.3 and 9.6 number plant-1, 2.28-2.42 and 2.54 cm, 41.6-45.7 and 44.1 g, 36.1-36.6 and 35.6%, 470.9-730.0 and 430.0 kg ha-1 in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. According to all years and combined analysis results of this study, lines GE-ESYA-36-36, GE-ES-YA-36-7 in terms of seed yield, lines GE-ES-YA-36-30, GE-ES-YA-36-25, GE-ES-YA-36-26, GEES-YA-36-27 in terms of oil content and lines GE-ES-YA-36-36, GE-ES-YA-36-7, GE-ES-YA-36-4 terms of oil yield were listed at the highest statistical group. As a result of this study, it was decided that these lines could be candidate varieties with regard to these different characteristics.
An Evaluation of the Performance of Forced Air Cooling on Cooling Parameters in Transient Heat Transfer at Different Layers of Pomegranate
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Behaeen, Mohammad-ali; Mahmoudi, Asgar; Ranjbar, Seyed-faramarz; Ziraat Fakültesi
The quality of horticultural products can be promoted using high techniques. One of these methods is precooling applied before storage and leads to increased shelf and storage life of the fruit. For this reason, the effect of forced air cooling was conducted to investigate the cooling rate at the center (aril), spongy tissue (peel) and leathery skin (rind) of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Airflow velocity as an effective factor in cooling products at three levels of 0.5, 1, and 1.3 m s-1 and temperature of 7.2 °C was considered. Cooling parameters including lag factor and cooling coefficient were calculated from experimental data. Then, half-cooling time and seven-eighths cooling time were obtained at different layers of pomegranate. Cooling heterogeneity was analyzed at different air velocity and at different layers of pomegranate. The results showed that increase in air velocity from 0.5 to 1.3 m s-1, reduced the half-cooling time and seven-eighths cooling time. After 5000 seconds, the change of air velocity had a slight influence on decreasing temperature of different layers of pomegranate. Cooling heterogeneity at the air velocity of 0.5 m s-1 was low and then increased at the air velocity of 1 m s-1. Finally, at the air velocity of 1.3 m s-1, it was declined. The overall results illustrate that the applied methodology in this research, which explains unsteady heat transfer in the cooling process, can be performed in pomegranate or similarly shaped fruits.
Assessment of Weed Competition Critical Period in Sugar Beet
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Işık, Doğan; Akça, Adem; Ziraat Fakültesi
Weed control constitutes the most essential issue in cropping systems. The critical periods should especially be determined for each crop. Field experiments were conducted during the seasonal growing periods of sugar beet in 2012 and 2013 in Kayseri, Turkey to assess the critical weed control period (CPWC). A log-logistic model having four parameters was used to assist in monitoring and analyzing two sets of related, relative crop yield. Data was obtained during the periods of increased weed interference and as to compare, during the weed-free periods. In both years, the relative root yield of sugar beet decreased with a longer period of weed-interference and increased where there was a longer weed-free period. In 2012, the CPWC varied between 122-595 GDD (growing degree days) corresponding to 12 to 46 days after crop emergence (DAE). The following year, CPWC were found to be between 82-735 GDD, (8-54 DAE) based on 5% acceptable yield loss. Weed-free conditions are needed to be arranged as early as the first week after crop emergence and maintained up to and including nine weeks thereafter to avoid more than a 5% loss in sugar beet root yield. Those results could assist sugar beet producers through reducing the expenses significantly, as well as improving the efficacy of their weed management programs.
Bazı Organik Besin Kaynaklarının Cin Mısırın (Zea mays L. everta) Tane Verimine Etkisi
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Cihangir, Haktan; Öktem, Abdulllah; Ziraat Fakültesi
This study was carried out to determine effect of sixteen different organic nutrition sources to grain yield of popcorn (Zea mays L. everta) in Çermik district of Diyarbakır province of Turkey between 2010 and 2011 years. The research was established according to Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBD) with 3 replicates and Ant-Cin 98 popcorn variety was used as crop material in the study. Organic nutrition sources were torf, compost, cattle manure, chicken manure, horse manure, sheep manure, pigeon manure, vermicompost, seaweed + cattle manure, compost + humic acid, cattle manure + humic acid, chicken manure + humic acid, horse manure + humic acid, sheep manure + humic acid and torf + humic acid except conventional. In both years, applications affected significantly popcorn yield (P≤0.01). According to average of two years, the highest popcorn grain yields were found at seaweed + cattle manure, horse manure + humic acid and sheep manure + humic acid applications. Grain yields of these applications were 526.54 kg da-1, 516.85 kg da-1 and 497.07 kg da-1, respectively. Seaweed + cattle manure, horse manure + humic acid, sheep manure + humic acid and pigeon manure of applications were caused a 9.47%, 7.45%, 3.34%, 0.52% increase in yield compared with the conventional application, respectively. Also economic analysis was performed in this study. The greatest net profits were obtained from horse manure + humic acid application (2280.64 TL da-1) in 2010 while horse manure (2545.82 TL da-1) application in 2011. According to yield, quality and economic net profit; horse manure, chicken manure, compost, cattle manure, sheep manure and humic acid applications can be used in organic popcorn farming.
Developing a Machine Vision System to Detect Weeds from Potato Plant
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Sabzi, Sajad; Gilandeh, Yousef Abbaspour; Ziraat Fakültesi
crops, different weeds grow along with potatoes in agricultural fields. These weeds reduce the performance of crops due to competing with them to absorb water, light, and nutrients from soil. Accordingly, in this study, a machine vision system with the hybrid artificial neural network-ant colony algorithm (ANN-ACO) classifier was developed for a site-specific spraying considering the weed type. Potato plant and three weed types including Chenopodium album, Polygonum aviculare L., and Secale cereale L. were used in this study. A digital camera (SAMSUNG WB151F (CCD, 14.2 MP, 30f/s) was placed in the center of the video acquisition system. The distance between plants and the digital camera was fixed at 40 cm. For video acquisition, only lamps of white LED with a light intensity of 327 lux were selected. For filming in order to evaluate the proposed system, a 4-hectare area of Agria potato fields in Kermanshah-Iran (longitude: 7.03°E; latitude: 4.22°N) was selected. Employing the Gamma test, among 31 features, 5 features (Luminance and Hue corresponding to YIQ color space, Autocorrelation, Contrast, and Correlation) were selected. The correct classification accuracy for testing and training data using three classifiers of the hybrid ANN-ACO, radial basis function (RBF) artificial neural network, and Discriminant analysis (DA) was 99.6% and 98.13%, 97.24% and 91.23%, and 69.8% and 70.8%, respectively. The results show that the accuracy of DA statistical method is much lower than that of the hybrid ANN-ACO classifier. Consequently, the results of the present study can be used in machine vision system for the optimum spraying of herbicides.
Development of a Small-sized and Low-cost Attitude Measurement Unit for Agricultural Robot Application
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Liu, Yufei; Nogichi, Noboru; Ishii, Kazunobu; Ziraat Fakültesi
The objective of this study was to develop a small-sized and low-cost unit to provide attitude measurements for lightloaded, small-sized and cost effective agricultural robot application. The attitude measurement unit comprised an electronic control unit (ECU) and a gyroscope and an accelerometer within a small-sized and low-cost IMU. In order to avoid the measurement limitations of a single sensor, a self-adaptive complementary filter and a Kalman filter were discussed and compared for sensor fusion. By comparison, in respect of preventing angle drift and maintaining dynamic characteristics, the Kalman filter has the significant advantage, especially in dynamic motion. In the comparison with a highly precise aviation-level fiber optic gyroscope (FOG), the results showed that the static angle drift was restrained by Kalman filter which reached the performance of the FOG. And in the series of farm experiments, the dynamic characteristic of the developed attitude measurement unit is close to the FOG performance in the sub-degree level. This is an acceptable accuracy for light-loaded, small-sized and cost effective agricultural robot application such as agriculture drone, greenhouse robots, harvesting robot arm and so on.
Effect of Environment and Genotype on the Protein Quality Attributes and Baking Characteristic of Newly Developed Wheat Inbred Lines
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Mutwal, Noha İ. A.; Mustafa, Abdelmoniem İ.; Ahmed, İsam A. Mohamed; Babiker, Elfadil E.; Ziraat Fakültesi
The present work examined the effect of genotype and environment on protein content and fractions, gluten and starch fraction, SSL (sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate) and DMG (distilled mono glyceride) binding ability of starch and specific loaf volume (SLV) of six wheat genotypes grown in three different environment. Genotype and environment significantly affected all quality attributes under investigation. However, protein content and fractions showed differences in relative effects of genotype and environment. Most of the protein quality characteristics were influenced more by genotype than environment. Size distribution of gluten subunits was significantly affected by genotype and environment. It was observed that as the flour protein content increased, the magnitudes of monomeric proteins appeared to rise, but glutenin decreased. Flour protein content was expressively associated with gliadin and dough making characteristics. Environment influenced beedings.
Effects of Heat Stress after Anthesis on PSII Photochemical Efficiency and the Antioxidant Activity of Wheat Cultivars
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Zmani, Mahroo Mojtabaie; Nabipour, Majid; Meskarbashee, Mousa; Ziraat Fakültesi
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of heat stress after anthesis on the performance of Photosystem II (PSII) and the enzymatic activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Two treatments-normal and heat stress-were conducted on four bread wheat cultivars from 7 days after anthesis until maturity. Heat stress led to an acceleration of chlorosis, reduced the efficiency of electron transfer and increased concentrations of malondialdehyde; however, the level of susceptibility varied depending on the cultivars. On the 10th day of heat stress, reductions in fluorescence parameters, depending on the cultivar, were 6.9 to 18.9% for Fv/Fm, 9 to 21% for ΦPSII and 8.3 to 19.4% for F’v/F’m compared to normal conditions. Catalase activity increased after initial exposure to heat stress. However, after 10 days of treatment, catalase activity increased in the Chamran and Aflak cultivars by 32% and 45%, respectively, but it did not change in the Dez cultivar and decreased 22% in Darab2. Ascorbate peroxidase activity decreased in two treatments, while the amount of reduction in heat stress treatment was more than the normal treatment. The highest levels of enzymatic activity were observed in Chamran under heat stress conditions, whereas Darab2 and Dez showed the lowest activity of the enzymes. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll index had a significant negative correlation with the levels of malondialdehyde; however, they had a significant positive correlation with the antioxidant activity.
Effects of Irrigation Programs Formed by Different Approaches on the Yield and Water Consumption of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under Transition Zone in the West Anatolia Conditions
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Şenyiğit, Ulaş; Arslan, Mustafa; Ziraat Fakültesi
This study was carried out to determine the effects of different irrigation programs obtained by pan evaporation and water balance methods on some yield and vegetative parameters and water consumption of black cumin in the experiment field located in the center of Cobanlar District in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. In the experiment, the irrigation treatments were formed with 3 different irrigation intervals (SA3: 3 days, SA5: 5 days, and SA10: 10 days) and 4 different irrigation water levels as 0% (I0: non-irrigated) 50%, 75% (I50, I75: deficit irrigation) and 100% (I100: full irrigation) of the cumulative evaporation amount measured from class A pan in the first year and, of the required water amount to replenish the available soil moisture to the field capacity in the 0.60 m soil depth in the second year. The highest and the lowest evapotranspiration (ET) values were determined as 387.6 mm in SA3-I100 and as 166.9 mm in I0, respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained in SA5-I100 with an amount of 1700.6 kg ha-1 while the lowest seed yield was obtained in I0 with an amount of 722.2 kg ha-1. The highest total water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were calculated from SA5-I50 as 5.11 kg ha-1 mm-1 and 4.80 kg ha-1 mm-1, respectively. While the yield response factor values (ky) were obtained as 0.75 (SA3), 0.80 (SA5) and 0.50 (SA10) for different irrigation interval, the mean ky value was determined as 0.68 according to all treatments of both years. Since the values of the yield and vegetative parameters and ET in same irrigation programs formed by two different methods were close to each other, the both methods can be used for irrigation of black cumin.
Hook Selectivity for Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix Linneaus, 1766) in Gallipoli Peninsula and Çanakkale Strait (Northern Aegean Sea, Turkey)
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Öztekin, Alkan; Ayaz, Adnan; Özekinci, Ayaz; Komava, Can Ali; Ziraat Fakültesi
This study was conducted to determine the selectivity of the hooks used for bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix Linneaus, 1766) in the Gallipoli Peninsula and the Dardanelles between 2006 and 2009 fishing seasons (November to September). Bluefish were fished with hooks sized 1, 1/0, 2/0, 3/0, 4/0 and in sum; 1210 bluefish were caught. The hook no 2/0 caught the highest number of fish (344 fish, 20.43%) and the hook no 1 caught the least (35 fish, 2.89%). Length frequency distribution of bluefish, which were caught with different hook sizes, was used in SELECT method and according to the results; the normal scale model gave the best fit for selectivity. The normal scale model was used to calculate model length (ML) and spread value (SV) of each hook size. Model length and spread value were found as follows; 19.18 cm ML and 4.44 SV for hook no. 1; 21.88 cm ML, 5.07 SV for hook no 1/0; 24.14 cm ML, 5.59 SV for hook no. 2/0; 27.02 cm ML, 6.26 SV for hook no. 3/0; 28.19 cm ML, 6.53 SV for hook no. 4/0, respectively. Because the minimum landing size (MLS) for bluefish has been stipulated as 20.0 cm (TL) in the Turkish Fishery Regulations, the use of hook no. 2/0 or bigger hook sizes can be recommended for fishing of bluefish.
Jasmonic Acid Induced Systemic Resistance in Infected Cucumber by Pythium aphanidermatum
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Sabbagh, Ebrahim; Sabbagh, Seyed Kazem; Panjehkeh, Naser; Bolok-Yazdı, Hamid Reza; Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi
Damping-off disease of cucumber is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber in worldwide. In this work, the potential of jasmonic acid (JA) for induce resistant against damping off disease was investigated. The effect of JA on activity of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), Peroxidase (PO) and Catalase (CAT) enzymes and total phenol was assayed by spectrophotometric method. Expression level of three plant defense genes as Lipoxygenase, Cupi4 and Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes was analyzed using qRT-PCR method. Drop-plate method was used to assay inhibitory effect of JA on radial growth of fungi. Exogenic application of JA decreased disease severity in the infected plants but did not inhibit mycelia growth on solid medium compared to control. Our results showed that JA application substantially increased the activity of oxidative enzymes at different concentration. The highest enzyme activity was recorded after 48 hours post infection (hpi) at a concentration of 400 mg L-1 of JA. Gene expression analysis revealed that JA is differentially able to increase the mRNA transcripts of all tested genes at 48 hpi. The expression level of Cupi4 gene was higher than the other genes in treated plants. Induced systemic resistance by JA was mediated through an enhanced expression of ISR marker genes and increase of antioxidant enzymes activity. Based on these results, we suggest that exogenic application of JA could be considered as plant resistance inducer.
Kinematics Analysis and Simulation of A 5DOF Articulated Robotic Arm Applied to Heavy Products Harvesting
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Roshanianfard, Ali Roshanianfard; Noguchi, Noboru; Ziraat Fakültesi
Robotics can play a significant role to increase efficiency and lighten the farmer’s load. Despite challenges in the agricultural robotic designs, robots are capable of performing various tasks and changing themselves accordingly, based on specific conditions. To address modern problems in the agricultural field, an agricultural robot is one of the key technologies. Although agricultural robotic is still in the development stage, robots have a bright future ahead. This paper proposes a new 5DOF articulated robotic arm design that would become a solution for heavy crop harvestings like pumpkin and cabbage. After the development stage, this robotic arm will be mounted on a robot tractor for real experimentation. The main design process of this robotic arm was conceived using 6 stages of Shigley design process. All components were designed, assembled and analyzed by using Solidworks 2014 in compliance with Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) standards. The parts of the system that had dynamic nature were analyzed manually using standard mechanical formulas. Calculations of the workspace required joint torque, and coordination of mass center position was done by using standard machine design methods. Denavit-Hartenberg method was used to calculate forward and inverse kinematics. To resolve the torque reduction, components were designed using different materials and mass centers and comparing their performance. Results showed that total torque in Joints number 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 6.15, 257.35, 103.4, 20.2 and 0.1 respectively with a rotational speed range of 15 ~ 60 rpm. Changes in the linkage material and servo motor location improved 29.7% ~ 47.7% and 29.7% ~ 68.9% of the total required torque for each joint. The maximum distance covered by the arm was 1421 mm from the and 2026 mm from the attachment point. According to the feedback received
The Effect of Diflufenican and Its Mixture with S-metolachlor and Metribuzin on Nitrogenase and Microbial Activity of Soil under Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus L.)
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Niewiadomska, Alicja; Skrzypczak, Grzegorz; Sobiech, łukasz; Ziraat Fakültesi
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the active substance of diflufenican and its combination with s-metolachlor or metribuzin, applied to yellow lupine, on the nitrogenase activity, the population size of selected groups of microorganisms, the activity of soil enzymes and their sensitivity to the tested preparations. All analysed preparations caused a reduction in the total number of bacteria and the number of actinobacteria and oligotrophic bacteria at the beginning of the vegetation period of yellow lupine. In the combination where diflufenican was used separately a stimulatory effect on nitrogenase activity was observed. The research revealed very high sensitivity of dehydrogenases and acid phosphatase to the soil contamination caused by application of all the tested herbicides. The dehydrogenases activity values were closely correlated with reduced populations of the groups of microorganisms. Diflufenican applied separately caused a relatively small negative effect on biological soil properties and consequently could have a smaller negative effect on soil environment contamination in comparison to other variants.
The Hydraulic and Economic Performance Analysis of On-Demand Pressurized Irrigation Systems: A Case Study in Turkey
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-03-31) Kurtulmuş, Ezgi; Büyükcangaz, Hayrettin; Demir, Ali Osman; Ziraat Fakültesi
In this study, COPAM (Combined Optimization and Performance Analysis Model) software revealing optimum design possibilities and performance analysis of pressurized irrigation systems, was applied to on-demand pressurized irrigation system in Uludag University Agricultural Application and Research Centre, Bursa, Turkey. The system reliability, hydrant pressure heads, upstream elevation, discharges and pipe diameters related to this irrigation system were analyzed with COPAM software which have a variety of analysis tools. Analysis results showed that there were no deficiencies of performance in the hydrant level of the examined system. Furthermore, pipe diameters of the existing irrigation network were recalculated.

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