Browsing by Author "Murat, Leyla"

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    Goddess İšhara
    (2009) Murat, Leyla
    The Hittite cuneiform texts and the archeological evidence point out clearly that the Hittites had a polytheist belief in their religious life. One of the most important gods which take place in this religious system is Goddess Išhara. This goddess has an important role in Hittite Pantheon including one thousand Hittite sacred gods. Goddess Išhara, who has a Mesopotamian origin, and who is transported to the Anatolia by Hurrians, is also the most important goddess of the Kizzuwatna region. Išhara is both illness- and cure-bestowed goddess; it also seems that a number of attributes such as underground, plant, mountain, river, spring, queen of oath, sexuality / propagation, cursing, sin, blood, dirtiness and making purification from the harmful things are given to this goddess. Hitit çivi yazılı belgeler ve arkeolojik kalıntılar, Hititlerde çok tanrılı bir din inancının hâkim oldugunu bize açıkça göstermektedir. Hititlerdeki bu inanç sisteminde yer alan tanrılardan biri de Tanrıça Išhara’dır. Bu tanrıça Hititlerin kutsal tanrılarından olusan bin tanrılı Hitit Panteonu’nda çok önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Mezopotamya kökenli olan ve Hurriler aracılıgı ile Anadolu’ya giren Tanrıça Išhara, Kizzuwatna bölgesinin en önemli tanrıçasıdır. Bu tanrıça hem hastalık veren hem de sifa veren, ayrıca yer altı, bitki, dag, ırmak, su kaynagı, yeminin kraliçesi, cinsellik/üreme, lanetleme, günah, kan, cinayet, kirlilik ve kötülüklerden arındırıcı tanrıça gibi pek çok özelligi bünyesinde tasıyan bir tanrıçadır.
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    Hitit metinlerinde geçen Yukarı Ülke (Kururuugutı) üzerine bir inceleme
    (Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1994) Murat, Leyla; Süel, Aygül; Eskiçağ Tarihi
    As accepted and explained by most of the scientists that near to the Merzifon- Amasya borderline northly of the Hitite country, in the region between Sinop and Ordu, lived the Gasgas which have been patriotting against the Hittites for years and years. On the Hittite cuneiform documents is explained that this region between two Hitite countries sometimes belung to the Hitites and in times of low Hitite authority the region was left to the Gasgas by them. The Gasgas kept defending and protecting theirselves against the Hitites and have been able to establish different cities and countries. In between of these countries was the Upper Country the most important bufferzone against the Northly and Northeastly Gasga enemies. Our project explains the two elements, time and space what stands for Chronology and Geogaphlcal History according to the importance and historical placement of the Upper Country which from time to time had its own authority and the effect of the parallel established region with its political condition and central authority. The information we have about the Hitite Empire mostly we get from the historical documents belonging to the reign of Hattusili III. Under his reign it was very difficult to stop the patriotting Gasgas but he has been able to opress them and be the only ruler in this region. Hattusili III had to say a lot over the Upper Country and established the central authority parallall to his reign. The Upper Country was surrounded by lots of different Gasga tribes, who sometimes worked together with Azzl-Halasa. Not to forget213 that also the Upper Country had had connections with a nelghbour country called Azzi-Haîasa. As written in the Hitite letters whlch explain that the famous Hitite KIngs were resldenced in the Upper Country and Hattl only if the country was in serious problems. An example are the documents found in the Upper Country about the Azzi-Gasga problems under the reign of Tudhalya III. Under the reign of Muuatalli, he had replaced his capital to Tarhuntashsha and left the Upper Country under the reign of Hattusili III, he did this to protect himself against the Egyptians. This shows us the importance of the Upper Country which was from time to time a buffer-zone and also had been eflecüve as a governing seat. We have researched the connections in between of the cities and countries which by some scientists are located in the Upper Country and by other scientists they aren't and trled to find connections between those and other cities and countries. Also we have trîed to determine the Upper Countrys' rulers, Hitite sites and cities and the importance of them. The results of our projects are the importance of a Hitite city and its excavation situated in the Upper Country, with a upto now unknovm specifying monography and the upto now unknown material to be researched and which surely can give us some light in, and hints about the Hitite history.
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    Kizzuwatna'lı rahip Ammihatna'ya ait bir ritüel metin (cth 471)
    (Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2002) Murat, Leyla; Süel, Aygül; Dilbilimi
    In the 2 n.BC. millenium, The Hittites, lived in Anatolia and constructed a high civilization, are affected from the societies lived before theirselves on the same district and also from the contemporary communities made derive their existence on the whole area, especially from Hurrian, Luwian and the leading states such as Eygpt and Mesopotamia. Hittites adopted the cultur material dirived from those civilization to their own body. And so they construct a new and a rich cultur building. Hittites (religion, arf. etc) also utilizde from the other communites on the medical area and try to solve a lof of illness and problem. In the Hittites, under the reason of illnesses there are being; firstly to commit an offence against to the gods, physical and Psychical impurities, defective beings, spirits and black spells. The developing metods with a view to cure the illnesses are applied to take away the factors that is the reason to illness itself. When it is believed that the illness is given from gods, the logical way to solve the the problem is to implore to the forces (especially gods), to pray or to offer sacriface. Like the old age civilizations, In the Hittites communities under the using metods to cure the illnesses are religious treatments, mystic treatments (praying to gods, offering sacrifice) and medical treatments are used in general. The Ammihatna Rituel is a religious, magical and scientific text that is applied to whom the person is disturbed by eating disturbed or fascinated bread/butter or eating the stone house bread / butter that is offered for death bodies or to be dranked the menstruation blood etc. In this rituel with the leading idea of the illness is a sacred punishment, they fallowed a lot of different ways. And so, while they were solving the problems they applied offering sacrifices or praying to gods or they relaxed the body to making different kind of spell or by the means of vegatal and Metallic medicine. 172Either in Hittites or in Egypt and Mesopotamia we must not way appreciate the medical metods corcerning religion, spell and medicine, by the way of today's medical informations. So we have to handle them with the old ages condition.